Western Civ- Unit 5

what made knights better than footsoldiers

they were on horseback

(reading)How did J.R. Strayer famously characterizes feudalism?

public power in private hands”

.In what sense is feudalism not really a medieval thing, according to Professor Maitland?

Feudalism had already been given certain meanings that were not a part of the Medieval century.

How did the Vikings (Scandinavians) get rid of unpopular rulers

by drowning them in wells

became more powerful as the power of the Carolingian monarchy declined after Charlemagne

tribal chieftans

Louis the Pious

intelligent and well-meaning, but an inadequate leader of a Germanic society.

job of the missi

to maintain the king’s control by going to far places and make sure that they are still following the king’s rules

script

historical documents and the carolingian script was very readable.

humanism

taking great care in human interaction and beauty.

(reading)Whose writing were carefully studied by the Anglo Saxon and Irish monks of the seventh and eighth centuries?

the Bible and all the patristic writers such as augustine

(reading)What effect did the Viking invasions have on the monastic schools?

There was a decline of some monastic schools because of disturbed local conditions or viking marauders

(reading)Why was Alcuin important?

He was the leader of an educational movement in germany.

(reading) Application of intelligence

the Carolingian world was marked by the beginnings of the ___________________ to the problems of society, and although relatively the achievements in this connection may not appear to be great, this development was of the greatest importance in medieval civilization

(reading)Who did the people of the first Europe turn to when gold was needed?

Byzantine and Moslem currency

(reading)Why was it absolutely necessary for the manor to be self sufficient?

There were many overwhelming difficulties of transportation in the period.

(reading)were most people peasants or serfs?

peasants

(reading)What is the main theme of paragraph 4?

Life was worse than in Roman times.

(reading)what role did cities play in the first Europe

none

(reading)distinguishing quality of the medieval civilization over the next three centuries

he secular obligations and interests of the Carolingian clergy and the spiritual claims of the eighth- and ninth-century kings signified the interpenetration of the church and the world

(reading)Duo Sunt

There are two different versions of languages, the vulgar Latin, and the pure Latin.

(reading) Petrine theory

relating back to Peter being the rock of the church.

(reading)What was the nature of the Languages of Europe during this period?

The language of the “churchman, kings, and aristocracy” was Latin. There was also Anglo-Saxon, the Celtic tongue was perpetuated, and some derivatives of vulgar Latin that were precursors of the Romance languages that made French and German.

(reading)What regions were a part of “the first Europe” that Cantor is describing?

France, England, Western Germany, Ireland, Central and Northern Italy, and the mountain regions of Northern Spain.

(reading)What does Cantor say about the sources for the Carolingian period?

There are a lot of sources compared to other centuries.

(reading)author and title?

norman canter, civilization of the middle ages

giotto

the transitional artist from byzantine to modern art.

the decameron

collection of stories from the time of bubonic plague

memento mori

Latin phrase meaning 'remember you must die'. A basic memento mori painting would be a portrait with a skull but other symbols commonly found are hour glasses or clocks, extinguished or guttering candles, fruit, and flowers. Closely related to the memento mori picture is the vanitas still life.

investiture controversy

The Investiture Controversy, also called Investiture Contest, was a conflict between the church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops and abbots of monasteries and the pope himself. (ends with concordat of worm)

hanseatic league

commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe.

concordat of worms

The Concordat of Worms was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire which regulated the procedure for the appointment of bishops and abbots in the Empire.(ends investiture controversy)

cistercians

a group of monks that follow the rule of st benedict.

cluny

the first monastery of benedictine reform.

St. Benedict of Nursia

- Wrote the Rule of St. Benedict
- Established the monastery in montecassino

St. Francis of Assisi

- Founder of the Franciscans, who were a group of monks who went around helping people

St. Simeon Stylites

- Eremitic saint
- Found solitude on pillars in the middle of the desert
- Lived on a 40ft pillar for 37 years

William of Normandy

- Defeated King Harold
- Led the Battle of Hastings
- Fought in the Norman conquest of England

Battle of Hastings

- Led by William the Conqueror
-Normans took over the Anglo-Saxons
- King Harold is defeated by William the Conqueror

Battle of Tours

- Battle fought in France by Charles Martel and the Muslims
- If Martel had not succeeded, the Muslims would have taken over Europe and Christianity probably would have gone extinct

Bourgeoisie

- Middle class of medieval France
- Included merchants and professionals

Bubonic Plague

- Ravaging plague that overtook the world and killed half of the population
- Spread by fleas rats and people

Byzantine Style

- Style of art developed in the middle ages
- Focused on stylized imagery rather than naturalistic depictions

Capetians

- French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet
- They moved the capital of France from Aachen to Paris

Carolingians

- After Merovingians
- Defeated the Muslim army
- Held King Pepin and Charlemagne

Cistercians

- Wanted to go back to the Rule of St. Benedict
- Created in reaction against Cluney, France when the monks did not work on the land because there were already serfs there

Days of the week

- Based on what pagan god ruled the first hour of each day

Eremitic

- Isolating monks

Feudal Pyramid

- God » Pope » King » Nobles » Knights » Peasants/Serfs
- Everybody was a vassal of somebody

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs

- First four caliphs after Muhammad's death

Geocentric

- The thought that the Universe revolved around the Earth

Great Schism

- Separation of the Catholic and Orthodox church
- Happened between the Pope(Rome) and the Patriarch(Constantinople)

Heresy

- Unorthodox belief

Humanism

- A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity
- A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Lordship

- Supreme power or rule

Merovingians

- Clovis and his successors
- After the dark ages
- Pagobert-poor king, both mind and money, last king of the Merovingians

Monasticism

- The practice of living the life of a monk
- Devoting your life to God

Montecassino, Italy

- City in Italy
- Grew because of St. Benedict's monastery

Orthodoxy

- Authorized or generally accepted theory, doctrine, or practice

Peasants

- Poor farmers who did not belong to the land
- Under knights on the Feudal Pyramid

Ptolemaic Cosmology

- Earth in the middle of the universe
- Based on the Bible, not on what was actually in the sky

Serfs

- Peasant who belonged to the land of a Duke

Simony

- Buying your way up in the church

The Rule of St. Benedict

- The religious rule that became the basis of western monasticism. Focused on "ora et labora".
- Strict rule that was a guideline for monks

Vassalage

- Servant of someone
- Basis of Feudalism

Bruges and Ghent

- Became centers for making and trading cloth
- Ghent is farther inland than Bruges

Constantinople/Istanbul

- Capital of the East Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire
- On the Western side of the Bosporus Straight
- Home of the Eastern Orthodox church

Cordoba, Spain

- This Spanish city was the center of Islamic culture in Europe during the Middle Ages
- Located Southerly inland in Spain

Genoa, Italy

- A seaport in northwestern Italy
- Venice's Twin, located on the West most armit of Italy

Florence

- This city was once of hot spots of Renaissance culture in the 1400s
- Located North of Rome, still in Italy

London, England

- Located in South England

Paris, France

- Located in Northern France

Venice, Italy

- City that controlled important trade routes to the East. Canals serve as its "streets".
- Located on the Easternmost armpit of Italy

Mediterranean

- Almost or completely surrounded by land
- Sea South of Europe, North of Africa

Baltic Sea

- Located between Sweden and Finland

North Sea

- A large arm of the Atlantic Ocean, between great Britain and continental europe.

Adriatic Sea

- Located East of Italy

English Channel

- Body of water that separates France and England