EXAM 3 - Kidney, Urinary System, and Blood

A hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum number of ___ Oxygen molecules.

4

These type of white blood cells can help in sex determination as they contain the “Barr body” in females only:

Neutrophil

The normal pH of blood can be:

7.35-7.45

A Macrophage is a transformed…

Monocyte

This plasma protein is the main protein that is involved in the process of clotting:

Fibrinogen

When Iron inside a heme group is of the “Ferric” type, this type of hemoglobin is correctly termed:

Methemoglobin

This is the type of Iron located in the center of the “Heme group” inside the Globin chain of a normal type of Hemoglobin:

Ferrous Fe++

A hypersegmented neutrophil is classically a sign of:

deficiency of vit B12 and/or Folic acid

Von Willebrand Factor is classically bound to:

Factor 8

The normal range of red blood cells in an adult male is:

4.7-6.1 cells/mcl

Erythropoiesis is regulated by this organ of the body:

Kidney

These cells are raise in the blood during severe allergic disorders:

Eosinophils

A blood group is termed negative or positive because of the presence and absence of this ____ antigen on the surface of the red blood cells:

Rh Antigen

A clot is blocking the left coronary artery that supplies the heart. What will be the best medication to destroy the clot and save a life?

tPA (Tissue plasminogen activator)

Clotting factors 2, 7, 9, and 10 are produced as vitamin ____ is metabolized

Vit K

Universal Blood Donor

O negative

Most common inherited clotting disorder:

Von Willbrand’s disease

This is an evaluation of the Platelet function:

Bleeding time (INR)

This is an evaluation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation:

Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT)

Least abundant white blood cell:

Basophil

Raised in levels/numbers in the blood in “Parasitic infestations”

Eosinophil

This is an evaluation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation”

Prothrombin time (PT)

The most abundant plasma proteins is:

Albumin

Platelets have a life span of 120 days (T/F)

False, 7 days

How much iron is absorbed from the GIT system every day?

1-2 mg/day

how much of the cardiac output reaches the kidney every minute?

About 25%

What are the three major buffer systems?

Phosphate, bicarbonate, and phosphate bicarbonate protein

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

Diabetes Mellitus

Why does the kidney receive so much blood?

it is the only system that maintains electrolyte balance

High potassium equals

Dying cells

Where are the three major buffer systems located?

Kidney

How many people will get kidney disease?

about 10% of the population

How many diabetics will die of kidney disease?

20%

What is the third most common cause of kidney disease?

Nephrotoxic medications

Which medications damage the kidney?

Nephrotoxins

What is the middle portion of the kidney called?

Medulla

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

Cortex

What is the kidney disease involving the death of papilla?

Renal papillary neurosis

What is the condition where the kidney bloats up?

Hydronephrosis

What is the functional unit in the kidney?

Nephron

What is a nephron?

A high convoluted tubule

What are the types of nephrons?

Cortical and juxtamedullary

How many afferent arterioles are there?

1 million

What is the glomerulus?

tuft/cluster of capillaries that are formed by the afferent arteriole

What is the antidote for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Beta Blockers

How does the kidney command red bone marrow to produce red blood cells?

Sensors that sense oxygen levels

What is it called when materials can become part of the filtrate by entering the lumen of the nephron from a location other than the renal corpuscle?

Secretion

How is filtrate evaluated?

Creatinine Clearance

Is there a difference between creatinine levels in blood and urine?

no

What are the actions of the nephron?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

When are ADH levels high?

ecstasy and psychotropic hormone use

SIADH

concentrated, high specific gravity, and high ADH levels

Diabetes Insipidus:

Diluted, low specific, low levels of ADH

What tests evaluate the health of the adrenal corpuscle?

Creatinine clearance (filtration - GFH)

What have opposite permiabilities?

Ascending and descending limbs of the loop of henle

Ascending limps of the loop of henle are permiable to _____ and impermiable to _____

Sodium chloride, water

Descending limps of the loop of henle are permeable to ____ and impermeable to _____

Water, sodium chloride

What is the final location of vit D maturation?

Kidney

What is calcitrol?

The form of vit D produced in a healthy kidney

What is the term for low oxygen in blood?

Hypoxia

What maintains electrolytes balance?

The kidney

What is measured by social security?

eGFR creatinine

What are three conditions that destroy the kidney?

diabetes mellitus, hypertension, low BP

How many nephrons in one kidney?

1 million

What is the term for urinating?

excretion

Nephrons have a ____ like structure called _____

Loop, loop of henle

What is the structural difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

Juxtamedullary are longer

How many afferent arterioles?

1 million

How many glomeruli in 1 kidney?

1 million

How many bowman’s capsules in one kidney?

1 million

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule =

Renal corpuscle

Renal corpuscle regulates what?

Filtration

How many efferent arterioles are there?

1 million

Blood exits the efferent arteriole and enters?

Peritubular network of capillaries

Where are JG cells located?

Where walls of afferent arteriole is in contact DCT

Where does up to 80% of reabsorption take place?

proximal convoluted tubule

Where does the counter current multiplier exchange mechanism located?

loop of henle

What is the location of action of ADH?

The collecting duct

What cell is related to anaphalactic shock?

Basophil

What is the most common parasite?

Giardiasis

When is giardiasis detected?

when eosinophils are high

What is the largest WBC?

Monocyte

What are kupfer cells?

macrophages found in the liver

What do splenic macrophages do?

recycle aged RBCs

Which cell manages the immune system?

Lymphocytes

What are basophil granules loaded with?

histomine

What is the only type of granulated lymphocyte?

Natural killer cell

What is plasma minus the clotting factor?

Serum

What recycles red blood cells?

Spleen

Anaphalactic shock, least abundant WBC, and granules loaded with histamine are all aspects of what cell?

Basophil

which cell has orange and red granules?

Eosinophil

Monocytes secrete interleukins that stimulate what?

lymphocytes

What are the monocytes called that have perminately migrated to another tissue?

Macrophages

The immune system in the CNS is represented by what?

Microglia

How is the monocyte a specialized component of the immune system?

It secretes interleukins

What is an example of a macrophage in the CNS?

Microglia (neuroglia)

What is the overall manager of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

T Lymphocytes are related to…

cell mediated immunity

CD4 are ___ more abundant than CD8

2x

CD8 are described as…

cytotoxic