Bio test #1

evolution

accumulation of change over time

what are the features to be considered alive?

1. Uses energy
2. Reproduces
3. Responds to stimulii
4. Made of cells (or one cell)
5. Ability to adapt
6. Genetic material
7. Organization
8. Growth (size) + development (changes in genetic condition)

Are Viruses considered alive?

Yes, exception to rules

Why are viruses considered alive?

Have their own unique genes and proteins

what are the types of autotrophs?

1. photoautotrophs
2. chemoautotrophs

photoautotroph

derive energy from sunlight

chemoautotroph

use chemical energy to prepare their food

heterotrophs

use cellular respiration to get energy

metabolism

anabolism + catabolism

internal body temp

98.6 degrees F

functions of DNA

what is the #1 source of variation?

genetic recombination

what is the smallest building block of matter?

atom

cellular organization of life

1. atom
2. molecule
3. macromolecules
4. organelles & prokaryotic cells
5. Eukaryotic cells
6. tissues
7. organs
8. organ system
9. organism
10. population
11. community
12. ecosystem
13. biosphere

macromolecules

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

population

all members of a species living in a particular area at a particular time

community

interactions with other biotic features

ecosystem

interactions with all biotic and abiotic features

biosphere

most complex system

biotic

anything that is living

abiotic

land, water and sky

how do viruses work?

obtain plasma membrane from host and encases itself

what happens to the host cell when the virus leaves?

the cell bursts which signals sickness to the body

emergent properties

properties from arrangement and interactions of parts
EX: when all parts of eye come together you can see

organization

each cell has different shapes, parts, and formations

what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

-ribosomes
- plasma membrane
-cytoplasm

what is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

-circular DNA in prokaryotic vs. linear DNA in eukaryotic
-prokaryotic cells do NOT have membrane bound organelles

what kind of sugar in a nucleotide?

pentose sugar

what is the sugar in DNA?

deoxyribose

what is the sugar in RNA?

ribose

what is difference between the sugar in DNA and RNA?

There is no oxygen on the second carbon in deoxyribose

Steps of gene expression

1. transcription: making copy of DNA into RNA
2. translation: changing code of RNA into amino acids

proteinome

all the proteins made

bioinformatics

connect gene data and store so they can be analyzed when needed

genome

all the genes present in an organism

phenotype

mirror of genotype: appearance
ex: blue eyes

what is the ancestor of all living things?

prokaryotes, bases in DNA passed along

taxonamy

groups animals based on common ancestry, typically Domain

What are the Domains?

Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya

Which domains are prokaryotes?

bacteria and archae

which domains have lots of introns?

archae and eukarya

introns

intervening sequences that are usually removed during transcription

how long is DNA?

3 billion nucleotides or 25,000 genes

What kingdoms go under the domain Eukarya?

Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Protists

Kingdom under Eukarya that is unicellular and contains algae

Fungi

Kingdom under Eukarya that has chitin, decomposes things and performs extracellular digestion

Plantae

Kingdom under Eukarya that have cellulose and performs photosynthesis

Animalia

Kingdom under Eukarya that has no cell wall and performs cellular respiration

What is the taxonamy from broad to specific?

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

Homology represents what?

Unity

homology

structures that have the same evolutionary ancestor but look different because they have different functions
EX: whale fins vs. bat wings

what does analogy represent?

diversity & variation

analogy

same function but not evolutionary related
EX: butterfly vs. bat wings

what are the two types of evolution?

1. Vertical: Tree of Life
2. Horizontal: Web of Life

Vertical Evolution

development of ones species while looking at beneficial mutations with natural selection

Horizontal evolution

genetic recombination and connecting genes from unconnected species

Darwin

origin of species by natural selection, survival of the fittest (accumulation of beneficial mutations)

Food chain

energy passed from one level to another

What brings energy back to earth?

Decomposers

What is science?

discovery: focus on knowledge

What are the scientific steps?

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experimentation
5. Explanation for natural phenomenon

Deductive reasoning

apply something you already know then come to a conclusion

Inductive reasoning

constructing something new based off observation

quantitative data

numbers, like statistics or tables

qualitative data

descriptions
EX: watching people running away from a charging gorilla and writing 'friendly' or 'aggressive' behavior

hypothesis

an educated guess that is then supported with an experiment

theory

broad explanations based off of multiple hypothesis

diversity

descent with modification

central dogma

DNA made into mRNA with transcription, mRNA made into protein with translation, protein becomes phenotype

location of gene expression in eukaryotes

transcription: nucleus
translation: cytosol

location of gene expression in prokaryotes

both transcription and translation occur in cytosol

genome of humans

46 chromosomes

endospore

protective membrane to protect bacteria from unfavorable conditions

growth in humans/animals

mitosis

development in humans/animals

hormones

growth in bacteria

density increase

development in bacteria

genes turning on and off

purpose of reproduction

to maintain gene pool

dependent variable

what depends on independent variable

independent variable

what's being manipulated

orbit

the path taken by an electron

orbital

the space around the nucleus where there is the highest chance of finding an electron

energy shell

the area around the nucleus where electrons with unique potential to carry energy exist

what orbital(s) is in the K shell?

1s^2

what orbital(s) is in the L shell?

2s^2 2p^6

what orbital(s) is in the M shell?

3s^2 3p^6 3d^10

what orbital(s) is in the N shell?

4s^2 4p^6 4d^10 4f^14

atomic #

number of protons

mass #

number of protons + neutrons

atomic mass scale

atom's total mass (element compared to commonly known element like Carbon)

weight

a measure of the foes of gravity on an object

mass

amount of substance

isotopes

same atomic # but different neutron #, identical chemical properties but different physical ones

how is radiation beneficial?

locates and treats cancer

how is radiation harmful?

targets thymine and hurts DNA

energy

capacity to do work

Dimitri Mandeleev

developed the periodic table

vertical periodic table

called Groups, same # of valence electrons and identical chemical characteristics

horizontal periodic table

Periods`
`

-Noble gases

any electrons that have filled their valence shell and are now non reactive