JMU SCOM 122 Final Exam

List the three models of communication

Linear, Interactive, Transactional

Describe the linear model of communication

messages flow one way from the sender

list characteristics of linear communication

segregated, one way, decoder only receives messages, encoder only sends messages, hierarchical, earliest model

Describe the interactive model of communication

sender and receiver take turns sending messages

list characteristics of interactive communication

reciprocity, adds feedback, shared fields of experience, encoder and decoder exchange roles

describe the transactional model of communication

everyone is always BOTH the sender and receiver

list characteristics of transactional communication

mutual feedback, content dimension, relationship dimension, encoders and decoders share role simultaneously

list the basic elements contained in the three models of communication

encoder, decoder, message, channel, noise, shared fields of experience, feedback, content and relationship dimension

encoder

sender

decoder

receiver

message

the meaning (content) that is encoded, sent, decoded

channel

the way the message is sent

noise

interference with encoding, sending, and decoding messages

shared fields of experience

what a sender and receiver have in common that helps facilitate communication

feedback

receiver's response to sender once message is decoded

an encoder is in what model(s) of communication

linear and interactive

content and relationship dimension

the two aspects of a message that are always impacted

a decoder is in what model(s) of communication

linear and interactive

a message is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

a channel is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

noise is in what model(s) of communication

linear, interactive, transactional

feedback is in what model(s) of communication

interactive and transactional

fields of experience is in what model(s) of communication

interactive and transactional

content dimension is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

relationship dimension is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

encoder = decoder is in what model(s) of communication

transactional

five purposes of communication

to inform, to express feelings, to imagine, to influence, to meet social expectations

intrapersonal

communicating with oneself

interpersonal

communication between people

group communication

communication among 3 or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal

public communication

sender communicates information to an audience

mass communication

messages transmitted to many people through print or electronic media

other possible purposes of communication

to share or exchange meaning, to achieve goals, to build or support relationships

to achieve goals is

task dimension

to build or support relationships is

relationship dimension

communication competence

engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context

effective

degree of success in achieving goals

appropriate

follows implicit and explicit rules

perception

select, organize, interpret

schema

mental frameworks that create meaningful patterns from stimuli

prototypes

the most representative or "best" example of something

stereotypes

a generalization about a group or category of people

scripts

indicate what we are expected to do in a given situation; component of the perceptual schema consists guides commonly practiced behaviors

influences on perception

our senses, our experiences, socialization

describe on (self) perception and self concept

reflected appraisal, significant others, society

self concept

the descriptive component of the two parts of our self perception

where does self concept come from

communication and messages from others

self perception

underlying foundation for all of our communication

other influences on (self) perception

gender, culture, context, mood, past experiences

self reflected appraisal

the messages our parents give us that contribute to our self concept

two types of attributions

situational and dispositional

perception of others influences

message content, choice of channel, and message decoding

stereotypes can influence us to

perceive and communicate with others in a biased manner

culture

a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable large group of people with a common history

individualist cultures emphasize

individuals and self-promotion

collectivist cultures emphasize

group membership, not personal identity

individualist cultures focus on

message content and on personal priorities

collectivist cultures focus on

group harmony and well-being of the group

individualist cultures have

low context communication

low context communication

precise and many details

collectivist cultures have

high context communication

high context communication

relies on knowledge of group norms, rules, etc

high power distance has high emphasis on

social rank and hierarchy

low power distance haas little emphasis on

social rank and hierarchy

high power distance utilizes

indirect communication

low power distance utilizes

direct communication

high power distance focuses on

relationship dimension

low power distance focuses on

task dimension

culture influences

nonverbal communication behaviors and interpretations

cultural values influence

communication styles and choices

cultural behaviors influence

interpersonal communication practices

ethnocentrism

seeing our own culture as the center of the universe and other cultures as insignificant or inferior

ethnocentrism is also known as a

cultural superiority complex

intercultural communication competence is

the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts

what combats ethnocentrism

intercultural communication competence

intercultural communication competence requires what to combat ethnocentrism

motivation, mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and a tolerance for uncertainty

motivation is the

desire to foster intercultural relationships

mindfulness is the process of

self-monitoring and other-monitoring

cognitive flexibility is the

supplementing and revising of existing knowledge to create new categories and not forcing new knowledge into old categories

tolerance for uncertainty is the

comfort level in uncertain circumstances

components of intercultural communication competence

mindfulness, acculturation, uncertainty reduction theory, acculturative stress, divergence, and convergence

alternatives to ethnocentrism

cultural relativism and multiculturalism

cultural relativism

cultures are merely different, not deficient and should only be judged from within, not compared to others

multiculturalism

social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity and that all social groups should be treated equally and respectfully

elements common to all languages

structure, productivity, displacement, and self-reflexiveness

structure

rules governing language use

two examples of structure

grammar and syntax

productivity

ability to generate new words

displacement

ability to communicate about things beyond here and now or in the past or future

self-reflexiveness

ability to use language to discuss language

the abstracting process

sense of experience, description, inference, judgment

sense experience

raw data and perceptions

fact

what our senses tell us is real

description

objective report of our sense experience; we describe or report the facts

inference

a neutral conclusion drawn from our facts

judgement

an evaluation; assigning value to our facts

connotative

personal understanding of a word; consists of the sum of your personal knowledge, feelings, experiences, and conclusion about what the word refers to

denotative

meaning of words and what the words refer to shared by members of a speech community; objective, nonemotional definitions and meaning of words from the dictionary

jargon

the specialized language of a profession, trade, or group and functions as a kind of verbal shorthand for those with a very specialized shared field of expertise

jargon compromises communication because its use causes a

breakdown in communication between those who do and don't understand the meaning of the words