Biology chapter 2 - cell systems

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Pancreas

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53 Terms

1

Pancreas

Creates enzymes for digestion.

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2

Liver

Produces bile for fat digestion.

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3

Gall bladder

Stores bile until needed for digestion.

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4

Bile duct

Transports bile to the small intestine.

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5

Small intestine

Site where food is digested and nutrients are absorbed into the blood.

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6

Large intestine

Absorbs water and minerals into the blood.

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7

Mouth

Chews food to begin the digestive process.

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8

Salivary glands

Add enzymes to saliva to aid digestion.

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9

Gullet

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

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10

Rectum

Stores faeces before expulsion.

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11

Anus

Expels faeces from the body.

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12

Villi

Increase surface area in the small intestine for nutrient absorption.

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13

Levels of organisation

Cell โ†’ tissue โ†’ organ โ†’ organ system โ†’ multicellular organism.

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14

Types of digestive enzymes

Carbohydrase, protease, lipase.

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15

Biological catalyst

Speeds up digestion without being consumed.

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16

Producer

Organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis.

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17

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water โ†’ glucose + oxygen.

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18

Commercial use of enzymes

Enzymes in washing powders break down stains.

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19

Greasy stains

Removed by lipase enzymes.

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20

Protein stains

Removed by protease enzymes.

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21

Advantages of enzymes in washing powder

Work at low temperatures, saving energy and money.

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22

Disadvantages of enzymes in washing powder

Potential allergic reactions and damage to natural fabrics.

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23

Exchange surfaces

Areas where materials are exchanged with the environment.

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24

Key features of exchange surfaces

Thin, large surface area, good blood supply.

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25

Waxy layer in leaves

Protects the leaf and reduces water loss.

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26

Epidermis layer in leaves

Transparent, prevents water loss, and acts as a barrier to infection.

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27

Palisade mesophyll layer

Main site of photosynthesis, packed with chloroplasts.

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28

Spongy mesophyll layer

Facilitates gas exchange in leaves.

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29

Stomata

Openings that allow gases to enter and exit the leaf.

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30

Guard cells

Regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

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31

Circulatory system

Transports oxygen and glucose throughout the body.

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32

Blood vessels

Tubular structures that carry blood.

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33

Lumen

Hollow central cavity in blood vessels.

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34

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

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35

Veins

Return blood to the heart.

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36

Capillaries

Connect arteries to veins.

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37

Arteries

Strong with thick walls to withstand high pressure.

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38

Veins

Weaker with relatively thin walls.

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39

Capillaries

Very thin walls, only one cell thick.

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40

Double circulatory system

Blood passes through the heart twice in each circuit.

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41

Heart chambers

Right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle.

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42

Cardiac muscle

Muscle type that makes up the heart.

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43

Heartbeat

Result of coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle cells.

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44

Transpiration

Loss of water vapor from plants.

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45

Transpiration location

Primarily occurs in the leaves.

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46

Transpiration stream

Continuous flow of water from roots to leaves.

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47

Transpiration steps

Water uptake by roots, movement through stem, replacement in leaves, and vapor loss through stomata.

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48

Pressure in xylem

Loss of water reduces pressure at the top.

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49

Stomata opening

Occurs when light and water are abundant.

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50

Stomata closing

Happens when conditions for photosynthesis are poor to conserve water.

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51

Carbohydrase

Turns carbohydrates into sugars

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52

Protease

Turns proteins into amino acids

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53

Lipease

Turns lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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