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Physical Properties of Benzene
non polar
liquid at room temp
planar
symmetrical
low solubility → can be improved by substituents
Addition - Hydrogenation
Addition - Halogenation
Nitration
HNO3 + conc H2SO4
50-60 and reflux
Sulfonation
fuming H2so4 for 1 hr
Friedel Crafts - Halogenation
AlX3/FeX3 + X2
anhydrous
RT
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
AlX3/FeX3 + RX (CH3Cl)
anhydrous
RT
Friedel- Crafts Acylation
AlX3/FeX3 + RCOX (CH3C=OCl)
anhydrous reflux
60
Activating Groups
2,4 Directing - HALIDES ARE ALSO 2,4 DIRECTING
Ch3, OH, Nh2, OR
Deactivating Groups
3 directing
No2, COOH, CHO, So3, CONH2, CN , X
Preparation of Benzene - Catalytic Reforming from Gasoline Fraction
Trimerization of Ethyne
Decarboxylation