WHIB YUGOSLAVIA

Breakup of Yugoslavia

split into Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia, caused by many factors

Titoism

political repression, centralized governance, uniformity in policy implementation, not aligned with USA or USSR in cold war, very pro-yugoslav nationalism, centralized economic planning, socialism and populism

Kosovo War

Ustaše

croatian fascist movement, began in 1929, wanted croatian independence from yugoslavia, had terrorist training centers in italy and hungary, attempted to incite a peasant rebellion in 1932

Vojvodina

autonomous province in north serbia, degree of self government, ethnically diverse, very strategically important because it borders croatia and hungary (transportation and infrastructure)

Croatian War of Independence

1991-1995, sparked by croatia’s declaration of independence from yugoslavia, serbians in croatia wanted to stay with yugoslavia, fought between croatian forces and serbian forces in krajina, led to croatian independence in 1992 and a UN ceasefire (which was not followed until 1995 after operation storm)

Yugoslav Partisans

anti-fascist resistance to the axis powers in occupied yugoslavia during WWII, led by josip broz tito, large fighting force that engaged in guerilla and conventional warfare, wanted to liberate yugoslavia from axis invasion and create a socialist state in yugoslavia

Republika Srpska

one of the two main regions that makes up Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed in 1992 in the Bosnian War, dayton peace agreement recognized this as a distinct entity (but still debated), has a lot of support from serbia

Serbian nationalism

fueled by gazimestan speech and milosevic, do not recognize Kosovo as separate and independent

Srebrenica massacre

july 1995, genocidal killing of bosniak muslims by the bosnian serb army, serbs claim this genocide was retaliation for civillian casualties inflicted on bosnian serbs by bosniak soldiers (these claims have been condemned by the ICTY and UN)

Tito–Stalin Split

culmination of a conflict between leaders of yugoslavia and ussr, ideological dispute

Slobodan Milošević

Member of the serbian central committee, degree in law, serbian nationalist, serbian president, was in office from 1989 to about 2000, elected after Tito died, Exploited serbian nationalist sentiment to win popularity (“the fatherland is under threat”)

Dayton Accords

1995, ended the bosnian war, negotiated in ohio, established a constitution for bosnia and herzegovina and divided the country into two autonomous entities, laid groundwork for a fragile peace in the region

Non-Aligned Movement

yugoslavia = founding member of this movement, yugoslavia was socialist but had strong economic ties to western europe, had to balance their ties with us, ussr, and china, helped keep a degree of political independence from external factors in yugoslavia

Gazimestan Speech

given by milosevic on the 600 year anniversary of the battle of kosovo, 1989, continued the victimization of serbs, fueled the fire of serbian nationalism and sense of entitlement to kosovo

ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia)

part of the UN that was established to prosecute war crimes during yugoslav wars, established by resolution 827, may 1993, helped bring attention to the war crimes and genocide that took place

NATO intervention (Operation Allied Force)

largest combat operation by NATO, 14 allied nations donated aircraft, clinton said US wouldn't be putting troops on the ground which was controversial because it created division among the west, missiles had a 90% success rate in hitting vital targets

“Brotherhood and Unity”

discouraged ethnic nationalism

Centralized economic planning

rapid industrialization, control over major industries and economic decisions

Workers’ Self-Management

attempt to increase worker productivity, gave workers a sense of ownership, presented as a form of socialism but was carefully controlled by the state

Media control

state-controlled newspapers, radio, and television were utilized to promote Tito and censor all others

SAO Krajina

croatian serbs, demanded to remain in union with other serbian populations in the krajina region, organized resistance to croatian authorities and had the support of Milosevic

KLA

ethnic Albanian separatist militia that sought the separation of Kosovo, 1990s, was needed because there was ethnic cleansing of thousands of Albanians in kosovo by serbians

Debt crisis (1970s)

borrowed heavily, couldn't pay the money back → inflation, unemployment, economic stagnation

SANU memorandum

about how Yugoslavia's constitutional structure discriminated against the Serbs, Serbia's development was eroded in favor of other parts of Yugoslavia, 1980s, fueled milosevic and serbian nationalism

“Consensus war”

political constraints, countries had to balance military action and political ramifications back home (politicians had to approve/veto their country’s targets, sometimes vetoed at last minute), prolonged the war

Accidental bombing of the chinese embassy

May 1999, put pressure on nato, some countries wanted to end the bombing altogether, increased pressure between china and USA

Wesley Clark

commander of OAF, advocated for troops on the ground

Operation Horseshoe

destroy KLA and cleanse serbia of albanians, surrounded albanians on three sides to try to push them back to albania and macedonia