Mock

Plasma membrane function

* control movement of substances into and out of the cell
* Has receptor molecules to allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Cell wall

* made of cellulose
* Supports plant cells

What are plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose

Lysosome function

* contains digestive enzymes to digest invading cells or to brea down worn out cell components
* Kept separate in a membrane so that enzymes don’t digest the cell

Ribosome function

Site of protein translation

RER function

* folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

RER description

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space, the surface is covered with ribosomes.

SER function

Synthesises and processes lipids

SER description

Like RER but without ribosomes

Mitochondrion shape

Oval shaped with a double membrane

Golgi body function

Processes an packages new lipids and proteins as well as making lysosomes

Vesicle function

Transports substances in and out of cell via the plasma embrace and between organelles.

Centriole function

Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

Centriole description

* Small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules.
* Found in animals cells but only some plant cells

What are cilia and flagella made from

Microtubules

Protein pathway

mRNA is transcribes → out of nuclear pore → ribosome on R.E.R → Golgi body

4 functions of the cytoskeleton

* support organelles and their positioning
* Help to strength the cell and maintain its shape
* Transport organelles and material within the cell
* Cell cause the cell to move

Arrangement of microtubules in cilia

9 pairs around and 1 pair in the middle

Size of eukaryotic ribosomes

80S

Size of prokaryotic ribosomes

70S

Cell walls of fungi are made of

Chitin

Cell walls of plants are made of

Cellulose

Are prokaryote organelles membrane bound?

Prokaryotic organelles are not membrane bound

Magnification =

Image size / object size

What unit must lengths be in when calculating magnification?

Doesn’t matter but all must be in the same unit

Mm to µm

X 1000

µm to nm

X 1000

Resolution is

How detailed the image is - or how well the microscope distinguishes between two pints that are close together.

Will increasing the magnification increase the resolution?

No

Light microscope maximum resolution

0\.2µm

T.E.M maximum resolution

0\.00002 µm

S.E.M maximum resolution

0\.002 µm

Light microscope maximum magnification

X 1500

T.E.M maximum magnification

> x 1,000,000

S.E.M maximum magnification

< x 500,000

Which electron microscope can produce 3D images?

SEM

Which electron microscope passes electrons through the sample?

TEM

Laser scanning confocal microscopes

Used to scan a specimen tagged it’s fluorescent dyes.

Why can laser scan in confocal microscopes do?

Look at objects at different depths in thick specimens.

Which two polysaccharides is starch made of?

Amylose and amylopectin

Which form of glucose is amylopectin made from?

α-glucose

Which form of glucose is amylose made from?

α-glucose

Amylose is a long ___ chain of alpha glucose

Unbranched

Amylopectin is a long ___ chain of alpha glucose

Branched

Starch is insoluble, making it a good ___ molecule.

Storage

Why is amylose being unbranched ideal?

It can be compact and fit more in a smaller place.

Why is amylopectin being branched ideal?

It can be easily broken down into α-glucose by enzymes.

What is the main storage molecule in animals?

Glycogen

Where is glycogen stored?

The liver

Which form of glucose is glycogen made from?

α-glucose

Why is glycogen being branched important?

Enzymes can attack and release glucose easily

Why is glycogen being compact important?

This makes it good for storage (you can fit more in a smaller space)

Amylose is made in what structure?

Alpha-helix

Cellulose is made in what structure?

Beta-pleated sheet

Cellulose is the major component of ___ in plants.

Cell walls

Cellulose is made from which form of glucose?

β-glucose

By which bonds are cellulose chains linked together?

Hydrogen bonds

Cellulose chains linked together by hydrogen bonds form what?

Microfibrils

bonds form between monosaccharides to produce

Glycosidic, polysaccharides

Monomers of proteins

Amino acids

\

General structure of an amino acid

α-glucose isomer

β-glucose isomer

Bond between amino acids

Peptide bond

Five main elements in proteins

C, H, O, S, N

What sort of reaction links amino acids?

Condensation

What sort of reaction breaks amino acids apart?

Hydrolysis

Which bonds are in primary structure of proteins?

Peptide bonds

Which bonds are in the secondary structure of proteins?

Hydrogen bonds

Which bonds are in the tertiary structure of proteins?

Disulphide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions

What is a conjugated protein?

A protein with a prosthetic group attached

How many polypeptide chains is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin made up of?

4

What is the prosthetic group of haemoglobin?

Haem

Name three globular proteins?

Haemoglobin, insulin, amylase

Name three fibrous proteins?

Collagen, Elastin, Keratin

What is the function of collagen?

To make up animal connective tissues, such as bone, skin and muscle (minerals can bind to protein to increase rigidity)

Which test would you use for proteins?

Biuret test

What and why must you add before carrying out the biuret test?

NaOH solution as the solution must be alkaline

What is a positive result for the biuret test?

Colour change from blue to purple

What test would you use for starch?

Iodine solution

How should iodine solution be prepared for the starch test?

Iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution

What indicates the presence of starch in an iodine test?

Brown or orange to a blue-black colour

What test would you use for lipids?

Emulsion test

2 step process for emulsion test

Dissolve test substance in ethanol, pour into water

What is a positive result in the emulsions test?

A milky layer on top of the water

What test would you use to test for sugars?

Benedict’s test

What two steps must you do for the biuret test?

Add NaOH, add copper (II) sulphate solution

Reducing sugars are all monosaccharides except for…

Maltose and lactose

To test for a reducing sugar add ___ to a sample and heat in a boiling water bath

Benedict’s solution

Positive Benedict’s result

Colour change from blue up to brick-red precipitate.

How to test for non-reducing sugars

Heat in boiling water bath with Benedict’s

In paper and thin layer chromatography, the mobile phase is the ___

Liquid solvent

In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is the ___

Chromatography paper

In thin-layer chromatography, the stationary phase is a ___

Thin layer of solid like slice gel (on a glass or plastic plate)

Rf value =

Distance travelled by spot/distance travelled by solvent

What do you call the distance the solvent has reached in chromatography?

Solvent front

What should you draw the line for chromatography in?

Pencil

Cloning definition

The process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of an existin organism

Vegetative propagation definition

The production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues.

Rhizome definition

Stem structures that grown horizontally underground away from the parent plant. They have nodes that new shoots and roots can develop from