Biology - MedConnect Papers - Set 3

striated muscle tissue

skeletal muscles

striated muscle function

generate force and contract in order to support respiration, locomotion, and posture (skeletal muscle) and to pump blood throughout the body (cardiac muscle).

straited

muscles that contract and relax like giant elastic bands to allow skeletal movement

blood is a type of

connective tissue

The substantia nigra is located in the

mesencephalon

photoreceptors responsible for white and dark vision are

rods

organ of corti is situated

cochlea

crossing over is performed during

prophase 1

non-membrane organelles are

ribosomes

prions are

infectious proteins

polysome is a complex of ribosomes and

mRNA

cerebellum is situated

inferior to the occipital parts of the brain not above

efferent

motor

afferent

sensory

rhD negative

do not have D antigen on blood cells

least common blood type

problem when mother incompatible with child's rhD

Transcription

Transcription is the process by which a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of mRNA

Karyotype

Specific set of chromosomes of every species during metaphase e.g. in humans there are 46 chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (XX and XY).

Homeostasis:

maintaining a stable, relatively constant internal environment

Grey matter

this is the darker colour in the brain or spinal cord. Grey matter in the brain consists of neuronal cell bodies

Oestrogen is produced by

ovaries fat cells adrenal glands

oxytocin is produced by

pituitary gland

mesencephalon

is the precursor to the midbrain

pons

part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum

[brain stem ]

antigens on RBC

type A- A

type B -B

type AB- B and A

type O- none

[toxic can only live with its type of toxin, O is unquie ]

antibodies in plasma

type A- beta B

type B -alpha A

type AB- none

type O- alpha and beta

(anti-B antibodies in type A blood would attack red blood cells with B antigens)

antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

Phage

is a virus which infects a bacterium

number of amino acids

20 amino acids

degenerate code

multiple codons encode a single amino acid

only 20 types of amino acids that can be coded for

enzyme trypsin breaks down

protein

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

46 chromosomes

Malpighian tubules

tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hindgut in arthropods

[pig-wastes]

location of Malpighian

nephron

sensory organ is made up of

various receptor neurones

white matter in the spinal cord and brain consists

mainly of myelinated axons

grey matter consists

of neuronal cell bodies

HIV is an

RNA Virus

pancreatic juice is produced in the pancreas and contains

s pancreatic enzymes and is released via the entry of acidic chyme into the duodenum which stimulates the S cells to release secretin.

nucleoid is found

in prokaryotic cells only encloses the genetic material

prostate is

gland

DNA biological properties

main hereditary molecule

biological properties of proteins

structural, regulatory, transport, protective, catalytic

polysome

A complex formed when multiple ribosomes are translating the same mRNA into proteins.

also polyribosome

heart wall layers number

3

inner layer of the heart

endocardium

longitudinal wall division in heart into right and left parts in each part there is

an atrium and a ventricle

outermost layer of the heart

epicardium

cones

are photoreceptor cells in the eye that are trichromatic so give colour vision

prion

abnormal protein in the brain which can cause abnormality in other proteins via misfolding

blood group B erythrocytes contain

antigens B

which one is a limb muscle

biceps

limb muscles

skeletal muscles of upper and lower extremities

which bone is not a part of the skeleton of the free upper limb?

humerus ulna radius shoulder blade

shoulder blade

ear ossicles are located in the

middle ear

the iris is situated behind

cornea

pupil is located

center of iris

retina is located

back of the eye

it is the innermost layer of the eye

sclera is

white of the eye, outer layer of the eye

the primary protein structure is not determined by amino acid residues ?

number, folding type arrangement

folding

prokaryotes are

eubacteria and cyanobacteria

golgi complex consists of

cisternae and vesicles

the tertiary structure of proteins is the

folding of the chain in space

oxytocin stimulates

"milk let down" during pregnancy and uterine contractions during childbirth

milk ejection

Carbohydrates are the basic

source of energy for the cells

epidermal cells are restored

trough division of living cells in the deeper layers

proteolysis

decomposition of proteins into amino acids

done by trypsin

centromere

is a special region of a chromosome, near the middle. It is where 2 identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis

neuron

a specialised cell of the nervous system that is electrically excitable. Transmits impulses and communicates with other neurons through synapses

polysome

a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like 'beads' on a 'thread'.It consists of a complex of an mRNA molecule and 2/+ ribsomes that act to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides

roads

a type of specialised light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina in the eye ( back of the eye) that provides side vison and the ability to see objects in dim light

secondary constriction

-an be found even if a primary constriction( at centromere) is present

- site at which chromosome can bend at

-these are useful when required to identify chromosomes from a set

sister chromatids

refers to identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosomes , with both copies joined by a common centromere

satellite chromosomes

chromosomes that contain secondary constructs that serve as identifying markers

substrates of replication

deoxyribonucleotides

substrates of transcription

ribonucleotides

blood group A erythrocytes prosses

antigens A

pepsin breaks down

proteins

contractile

actin and myosin

become shorter

actin and myosin are in

two of the contractile proteins that reside inside the muscle cell.

Bisceps

flexes the elbow

lumbar vertebrae are

largest in size

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

-Target: kidneys

-Effect: stimulates reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys; increases blood pressure and blood volume

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

- increase blood sugar levels (esp. during stress)

-regulate metabolism of organic compounds

-reducing inflammation

spinal cord is made up of

white and grey ,atter

white matter

myelinated axons

grey matter

unmyelinated neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons

[depressed and cold didn't get insulation]

viroids

ngle stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids

phages

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.

Prions

infectious protein particles that do not have a genome

eubacteria

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan

cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).

during anaphase the chromosomes

consist of normal quantity of DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum consists of

flat-tube like tanks and vesicles

most important event in interphase is

DNA replication

what forms skeletal muscles

- each fibre is a single cylindrical muscle cell

-hundred of muscle fibres bundle together

-bundle is wrapped in connective tissue

-wrapping connective tissue sheath is called epimysium

number of lumbar vertebrae

in adult humans

location of 5 lumbar vertebrae

beneath thoraic vertebrae

thoraic vertebrae

12

why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest vertebrae

to be able to support the weight of the body when standing due to the effects of gravity