BIO 02 Respiratory System of Animals and Plants

Respiratory System

the primary function is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body

when we breath, we inhale OXYGEN and

exhale CARBON DIOXIDE

- passageways to the lungs to purify, warm and humidify the incoming air

21% OXYGEN

78% NITROGEN

1% CO2 and proportions of other gases

Air is composed of

Inspiration

Expiration

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Inspiration

inhalation

Flow of air into lungs

Expiration

exhalation

•Air leaving lungs

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

Internal Respiration

• Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

• An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs

unloading

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

loading

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood

Integumentary

Tracheal System

Gills

Lungs

4 major types of gas exchange

INTEGUMENTARY

Being small in size, can

easily diffuse essential

gases and will not require

complex respiratory

organs

SPONGES AND CNIDARIANS

Example:

INVERTEBRATES such as

cnidarians, sponges and

worms. PROTISTS and

other unicellular

organisms

TRACHEAL SYSTEM

SPIRACLES are the insect's body tiny openings

The trachea branch off further into smaller tubes called tracheoles that can become smaller enough, with tips that reach all its

cells

ARTHROPODS

Example:

such as insects and

spiders

GILLS

Are thin sheets of tissue that waves through the water, increasing the surface area available for diffusion

LUNGS

Mammalian

respiratory system consists of lungs and various passageways that allow air to reach the lungs

Nose

is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system

Nostrils

air enters the nose through the external nares

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner. Trap the dust

Nasal Cavity

is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won't get nosebleeds from a dry nose.

There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.

Responsible for sense of smell.

Pharynx

- muscular tube and passageway of air from nasal cavity to larynx

- serves both respiratory and digestive functions

Larynx

AKA "voice box"

Here, a flap-cartilage known as EPIGLOTTIS,

Epiglottis

directs the air down respiratory tract while the food and water directed to digestive tract

Trachea

- AKA "windpipe"

tube-like structure made up of flexible rings (C-shaped) hyaline

cartilage

Here, the mucus lining traps the dust particles and bacteria that have passed the nose

Bronchi

Trachea splits into two

Has primary, secondary and tertiary _____

Bronchioles

Smallest branches of bronchi

Terminal Bronchioles

End in alveoli

Lungs

occupy most of the thoracic cavity

base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)

- divides into lobes:

- RIGHT LUNG (3 lobes) - LEFT LUNG (2 lobes)

Alveoli

- AKA "grape-like air sacs"

- considered as the functioning unit of the respiratory system / lungs

- each of about 600 million alveoli is surrounded by tiny blood vessels (capillaries) where gas exchange happen

Diaphragm

- A sheet of muscles that lie across the bottom of the chest cavity

- As breathing takes place, it contracts and relaxes

Gas exchange in plants

is the process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Carbon dioxide

It is needed for photosynthesis

mesophyll cells

A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface. Helps diffuse carbon dioxide

Air spaces

increase the internal surface area

The inner surface are is about 20 times more than the outer surface area of a leaf

Think of a sponge

Photosynthesis

produces oxygen which diffuses out through the mesophyll cells and air spaces then out through the stomata

When the earth was first formed there was no oxygen plants are responsible for releasing oxygen into the atmosphere (it now makes up about 20% of air!)

Lenticels

are openings in the barks of trees and shrubs that allow gas exchange

PNEUMATOPHORE

A specialized aerial root produced by certain trees living in swampy habitats

May facilitate gas exchange between the atmosphere and submerged roots