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Renaissance
Castiglione's The Courtier
A book by Baldassare Castiglione that described the ideal qualities of a courtier, including education, manners, and physical and artistic skills.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain during the 16th century, known for his vast empire and struggles with the Protestant Reformation.
Christian Humanists
Thinkers of the Northern Renaissance who blended humanist ideals with Christian beliefs, emphasizing reform in the church and personal piety.
Communes
Associations of free men in Italian cities, led by merchant guilds, seeking political and economic independence from local nobles.
Donatello
A Renaissance sculptor known for his realistic and lifelike works, including his bronze statue of David.
Erasmus
A Dutch Christian humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly and called for reform in the Catholic Church through education and the study of Scripture.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Monarchs of Spain who united the country, completed the Reconquista in 1492, and sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages.
Gutenberg Printing Press (1450)
The invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized the spread of knowledge by making books cheaper and more accessible.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement focused on the study of classical texts, human potential, and achievements.
Hundred Years' War
A conflict between England and France (1337-1453) over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne.
Leonardo da Vinci
A Renaissance artist, scientist, and inventor known for masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Lorenzo de' Medici
A powerful Florentine ruler and patron of the arts who supported Renaissance artists like Michelangelo and Botticelli.
Machiavelli's The Prince
A political treatise by Niccolò Machiavelli offering advice on how rulers can maintain power, often advocating pragmatism over morality.
Michelangelo
A Renaissance artist and sculptor known for works like the marble David, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and La Pietà.
Patronage
Financial support provided by wealthy individuals, families, or institutions to artists and writers during the Renaissance.
Petrarch
Known as the 'Father of Humanism,' Petrarch was an Italian scholar and poet who revived interest in classical literature.
Pope Leo X
A Medici pope known for his lavish spending and the sale of indulgences, which contributed to the Protestant Reformation.
Rafael
A Renaissance painter known for his depictions of religious themes, especially The School of Athens and his Madonnas.
Reconquista (1492)
The campaign by Christian kingdoms in Spain to reclaim territory from Muslim rule, ending with the conquest of Granada.
Renaissance
A cultural rebirth that began in Italy during the 14th century, characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and science.
Savonarola
A Dominican friar who led a religious reform movement in Florence, condemning luxury and corrupt leadership, before being executed.
Thomas More's Utopia
A book by Thomas More that described an ideal society based on equality, communal ownership, and rational governance.
Tudor
An English royal dynasty that began with Henry VII and included rulers like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, known for strengthening the monarchy and fostering the Renaissance in England.
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