04.10 psch 262- substance use disorders

substance use disorder definition

a chronically relapsing disorder, characterized by desire to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and in a negative state when there’s no access to the drug.

3 key stages of substance use disorder

binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, preoccupation/anticipation

binge/intoxication neurobiological reasoning

rewarding effects of drugs

withdrawal/negative affect emotional affects

emotional dysregulation and increased stress response, seen in amygdala and hypothalamus.

preoccupation/intoxication neurobiological reasoning

executive dysfunction, seen in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

all known addictive drugs activate reward regions in the brain by___

causing sharp increases in the release of dopamine

dopamine cells stop firing in response to the reward (drug) and instead fire anticipatory responses to ________

conditioned stimuli that predict delivery of the drug

pavlovian conditioning

unconditioned stimulus= ____

unconditioned response= _____

drug, dopamine release

pavlovian conditioning

conditioned response=____

conditioned response=_____

drug cues, dopamine release

positive reinforcement definition

you want it because it makes you feel good. reinforced by the positive feelings outweighing the negative consequences of taking the drug

negative reinforcement

you want it to keep you from feeling bad. reinforced by negative feelings outweighing the positive consequences

drug abuse is counterintuitive how?

people with SUD show lower increases in dopamine when given a drug

PFC role in executive functions

self-control, self-regulation, decision making

binge/ intoxication neurobio perspective:

desensitization of reward circuits, which dampen the ability to feel pleasure, and motivation to pursue everyday activities

withdrawal/negative affect neurobio perspective

increased strength of conditioned responses and stress reactivity, which results in cravings for substance and negative emotions of cravings not fulfilled

preoccupation/anticipation: neurobio perspective

weakening of brain regions involved in decision making, inhibitory control, and self regulation that leads to repeated relapse.

what are factors influencing vulnerability and relapse

social environments, developmental stages, genetics, sex and gender

tolerance definition

decrease in sensitivity to a drug as a result of repeated exposure to it. you need a higher and higher concentration of the drug

sensitization: definition

repeated administration of a stimulus (drug) leads to an amplification of the response

conditioned tolerance: definition

diminishment of drug effect over repeated administrations in a certain environment

incubation of craving definition:

the more you stay away from a drug, the more you want it?

cue-induced relapse

cues of drug induce susceptibility to relapse

stress-induced relapse

release of CRH in stress response can stimulate dopamine release, inducing a relapse. stress is also a reason for susceptibility to SUD

drug induced relapse

little amounts of drug can lead to full-blown relapse