module 1 prokaryotes

free-living

independent of other organisms

Commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food; obtains carbon from the atmosphere

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

Chemotrophs

obtain energy from chemicals

Phototrophs

obtain energy from light

coccus (cocci)

spherical shaped bacteria

coccobacillus

short round rod

Vibrio

curved rod

Bacillus

rod shaped

Spirillum

spiral shaped cell

Spirochetes

spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement; corkscrew

diplo

two (diplococci, diplobacilli)

strepto

chains (streptococci, streptobacilli)

Tetrads

4 cocci in a square

sarcinae

pack of 8 cocci together; cube-like

Staphylococci

grape-like clusters

flagella in prokaryotes

Made of flagellin, rotates like a propeller (360 degrees)

Pilus

A hollow tube that SOME bacteria can make and use to transfer DNA to another cell which is called conjugation.

Fimbrae

Structural adaptation; spikes that allow bacteria to stick to the environment

Glycocalyx

A sticky carbohydrate coating around the cell wall that SOME bacteria have

cell wall of prokaryotes

made of peptidoglycan

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleoid

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.

Chromosomes

double stranded DNA in a large folded circle. Bacteria usually contain only 1 copy of their circular chromosome.

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome; bonus

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis; made of protein and RNA (70S)

inclusions and granules

intracellular storage bodies

Endospores

bacterial spore that can survive harsh conditions

flagellum in eukaryotes

made of microtubules, which make the cytoskeleton and extend to form the flagella; move by sliding the microtubules back and forth, which makes a whip-like motion to push the cell

axial filaments

Also called endoflagella

Found in spirochetes

Anchored at one end of a cell

Rotation causes cell to move like a corkscrew

Monotrichous

one flagellum

Amphitrichous

flagella at both ends

Lophotrichous

bundle of flagella at one end

Peritrichous

flagella all over

Gram positive cell wall

Thick peptidoglycan layer with teichoic and lipoteichoic acids (anchors to the cell membrane

- has cell membrane

gram negative cell wall

Outer membrane w/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

thin peptidoglycan layer

Periplasmic space

inner membrane

Mycoplasma

no cell wall, no peptidoglycan (don't dye well)

- only bacteria with sterols

Mycobacterium

has a gram positive structure w/mycolic acids - allows the cell to stain "acid fast"