Unit 3- World War 1

Triple Entente

Association between Great Britain, France, and Russia. Made up the largest powers in the Allied Powers during World War 1. (WW1)

Triple Alliance

Secret Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungry, and Italy. Opposed the Triple Entente in World War 1. (WW1)

Election of 1916

Woodrow Wilson was reelected by his strong record as a progressive and his popularity for trying to keep the US out of World War 1. Consolidation of the Republican party under candidate Charles Evans Hughes threatened his reelection, but he was still victorious. (WW1)

Russian Revolution

The Russian autocratic czar was overthrown, being replaced by a republic. Wilson used this as a principle to join World War 1, as involvement would be seen as triumphing democracy, in line with moral diplomacy. (WW1)

Lusitania

Passenger ship that was sunk by Germany’s submarine blockade on Britain, killing 128 Americans on board. Wilson sent a letter to Germany as a result, warning that America would hold Germany accountable if they continued policies that endangered US citizens. (WW1)

Sussex Pledge

Pledge by Germany to the US stating that they would not sink merchant or passenger ships without warning after they upset the US sinking the ship called Sussex. Kept US from splitting ties with Germany and joining the war. (WW1)

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire of Turkey. One side of World War 1. (WW1)

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia. One side of World War 1. (WW1)

Zimmerman Telegram

Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexico asking them if they wanted Germany to help take back their territories from the Mexican Cession (specifically Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico) in exchange for an alliance. Reason for US to join the war against Germany. (WW1)

Committee on Public Information

Committee headed by George Creel, which spurred public support for the war through speeches, posters, pamphlets, and other forms of propaganda. Helped unite US nationalism against Germany. (WW1)

Espionage Act (1917)

Arrested those who tried to cause rebellion in the military or interfere with the draft. Seen as suppression of rights and a tyrant-like US government by some citizens. (WW1)

Sedition Act (1918)

Arrested people for criticizing the US government. Infringing on Constitutional right to free speech. (WW1)

War Industries Board

Led by Bernard Baruch, which set priorities for production and made centralized control of raw materials and prices. Showed the war making industry in US more efficient. (WW1)

Liberty Bonds

Way for US to fund the war. People lent money to the government through putting their savings here, in exchange receiving one of the safest holdings possible for their savings. (WW1)

War Boards

Organization set up during WW1 by Congress to help mobilize the US for the war. Showed the strength of the American home front and practice of Total War by the United States. (WW1)

National War Labor Board

Headed by William H. Taft (not during his presidency!), which improved the US workforce during the war. Gave workers what unions of the Gilded Age and Progressives wanted: higher wages, eight-hours work day, right to have labor unions. (WW1)

Schenck v. United States

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said in 1919 that free speech could be limited when it threatens public safety. Upheld the Espionage Act to imprison Schenck, upsetting some Americans. (WW1)

Selective Service Act

Secretary of War Newton D. Baker created the WW1 draft system in the US, a democratic way of getting more soldiers, being through a lottery. Despite trying to meet the needs for soldiers, few of them actually joined the fight, as the US was only in the war for a short time before it ended. (WW1)

Great Migration

Job opportunities become abundant during the war as workers left to join the military. This caused Mexicans and African Americans to head North and take up industrial occupations. Caused racial tension as African Americans joined in professions they were once absent from. (WW1)

American Expeditionary Forces

Troops commanded by John J Pershing in World War 1. Helped strengthen the Allied Powers on the Western Front. (WW1)

General John J Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Forces. Led US into battle during World War 1. (WW1)

Paris Peace Conference

Meeting of nation leaders held to negotiate an end to World War 1, starting in January 1919. Wilson attended to propose his 14 points to the other nations. (WW1)

Fourteen Points

List of aspirations Wilson proposed to other nations at the Paris Peace Conference. Most important among them were freedom of seas, no secret treaties, smaller military forces, impartial adjustment of colonial claims, self-determination for nationalities. no trade barriers, and the creation of the League of Nations. (WW1)

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty which ended World War 1. Took German colonies, made Germany take blame, gave France the Rhineland for 15 years, made Germany pay lots of money to Britain and France, Self-determination to territories held by Germany (lots of new, independent nations), and all signers would be added to the League of Nations. (WW1)

Big Four

David Lloyd George of Great Britain, George Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and US president Wilson made up this group. Most influential nations which led the negotiations of the Paris Peace Conference, developing the Treaty of Versailles. (WW1)

League of Nations

Organization proposed by Wilson, which would be an alliance of nations that would provide peace by ensuring political independence and territorial integrity for all nations involved. The US did not actually join the association because Congress voted against it, worrying that the rule that nations part of it must intervene in foreign conflicts took away Congress’s power to declare war by their own accords and would stray from their neutrality and isolationism of the past. (WW1)

Irreconciables

Senators who refused the proposed League of Nations and did not want to negotiate for accepting it with revisions. Reservationists were willing to accept it if reservations were added, but Wilson refused and neither group would support the proposition. (WW1)

Henry Cabot Lodge

Leader of the Senate and a Republican who led the Reservationists. Would only accept the League of Nations if Wilson would add reservations, but since Wilson denied, he led the Senate to reject the Treaty of Versailles. (WW1)

Herbert Hoover

Engineer that led the Food Administration, encouraging Americans to conserve food to ship to the French and British troops. Helped support war effort. (WW1)

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist who was imprisoned by the Espionage Act for speaking out against the war. Ran for president from jail. (WW1)

George Creel

Journalist who led the Committee on Public Information. Used propaganda to raise support for the war. (WW1)

Charles Evans Hughes

Republican Candidate for the election of 1916. Lost election to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. (WW1)

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to Congress. Anti-war activist and Progressive who constantly voted against war. (WW1)

Bernard Baruch

Wall Street Broker who led the War Industries Board. Helped make the Us industrially efficient to be effective in the war. (WW1)