Psych Unit 8
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Last updated 10:12 PM on 2/28/23
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106 Terms
1
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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
2
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Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
3
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Encoding
The process of putting information to the memory system.
4
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Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
5
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Retrieval
The process of getting the information of the memory storage.
6
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Sensory Memory
A type of short term memory that has a very short duration, but stores massive amount of information.
7
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Short Term Memory
A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2.
8
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Long Term Memory
A relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory.
9
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Automatic Processing
An unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking.
10
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Effortful Processing
An encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort.
11
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Rehearsal
A conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage.
12
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Spacing Effect
The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study.
13
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Serial Position Effect
A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect).
14
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Visual Encoding
The encoding of picture images.
15
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Acoustic Encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
16
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Semantic Encoding
Associated with the deep processing, emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input.
17
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Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
18
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Mnemonics
A memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
19
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Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.
20
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Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; capacity is seemingly immense while duration is rather short at a few tenths of a second
21
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Echoic memory
Stores the sounds we have heard for about 3 to 4 seconds.
22
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Long Term Potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily.
23
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Amnesia
Loss of memory.
24
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Implicit memory
Retention without conscious recollection.
25
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Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
26
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Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval.
27
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Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.
28
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Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
29
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Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
30
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Déjà vu
the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience.
31
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Mood-congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
32
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Proactive Interference
The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories.
33
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Retroactive Interference
The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories.
34
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Repression
The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud.
35
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Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
36
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State Dependent Memory
The impact of a physiological state such as being on drugs has on recall.
37
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Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.
38
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Concepts
Mental representations of related things.
39
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Prototypes
The most typical examples of a concept.
40
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Schemas
The frameworks of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experiences.
41
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Algorithm
Problem-solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems.
42
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Heuristic
A problem-solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution.
43
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Insights
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
44
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Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general.
45
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Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specific.
46
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Representativeness Heuristic
Tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype.
47
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Availability Heuristic
Tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.
48
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Anchoring Heuristic/Effect
Tendency to be influenced by suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point.
49
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Conformation Bias
Tendency to notice or seek information that already supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas.
50
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Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
51
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Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past
52
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Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
53
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Gambler's Fallacy
The tendency to assume something is likely to happen (coming up red) just because it hasn't happened recently.
54
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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
55
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Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
56
New cards
Encoding
The process of putting information to the memory system.
57
New cards
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
58
New cards
Retrieval
The process of getting the information of the memory storage.
59
New cards
Sensory Memory
A type of short term memory that has a very short duration, but stores massive amount of information.
60
New cards
Short Term Memory
A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2.
61
New cards
Long Term Memory
A relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory.
62
New cards
Automatic Processing
An unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking.
63
New cards
Effortful Processing
An encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort.
64
New cards
Rehearsal
A conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage.
65
New cards
Spacing Effect
The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study.
66
New cards
Serial Position Effect
A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect).
67
New cards
Visual Encoding
The encoding of picture images.
68
New cards
Acoustic Encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
69
New cards
Semantic Encoding
Associated with the deep processing, emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input.
70
New cards
Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
71
New cards
Mnemonics
A memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
72
New cards
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.
73
New cards
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; capacity is seemingly immense while duration is rather short at a few tenths of a second
74
New cards
Echoic memory
Stores the sounds we have heard for about 3 to 4 seconds.
75
New cards
Long Term Potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily.
76
New cards
Amnesia
Loss of memory.
77
New cards
Implicit memory
Retention without conscious recollection.
78
New cards
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
79
New cards
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval.
80
New cards
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.
81
New cards
Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
82
New cards
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.
83
New cards
Déjà vu
the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience.
84
New cards
Mood-congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
85
New cards
Proactive Interference
The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories.
86
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Retroactive Interference
The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories.
87
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Repression
The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud.
88
New cards
Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
89
New cards
State Dependent Memory
The impact of a physiological state such as being on drugs has on recall.
90
New cards
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.
91
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Concepts
Mental representations of related things.
92
New cards
Prototypes
The most typical examples of a concept.
93
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Schemas
The frameworks of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experiences.
94
New cards
Algorithm
Problem-solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems.
95
New cards
Heuristic
A problem-solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution.
96
New cards
Insights
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
97
New cards
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general.
98
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Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specific.
99
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Representativeness Heuristic
Tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype.
100
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Availability Heuristic
Tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.
Note 
Flashcards (101)