Unit 2 review (Accurate/Use this one)

Four Types of Tissues

Muscular, Epithelial, Connective, Nervous.

Epithelial Tissue Function

Functions as a covering or lining of organs and body surfaces.

Epithelial Tissue Location

Outer layer of organs, membranes separating cavities, outer layer of skin.

Epithelial Shapes: Squamous

Flat, tile-like cells; used for protection and diffusion.

Epithelial Shapes: Cuboidal

Cube-shaped cells; used for secretion and filtration.

Epithelial Shapes: Columnar

Tall, column-like cells; used for absorption and secretion.

Epithelial Organization: Simple

Single layer of cells.

Epithelial Organization: Stratified

Multiple layers of cells for protection.

Epithelial Organization: Pseudo-Stratified

Appears layered but all cells touch the basement membrane.

Epithelial Function: Protection

Keeps out foreign materials and organisms (e.g., skin, mucous membranes).

Epithelial Function: Filtration

Absorbs nutrients (e.g., intestines).

Epithelial Function: Secretion

Produces substances (e.g., stomach glands producing acids).

Glands

Collections of epithelial cells that produce and secrete products.

Exocrine Glands

Have ducts (e.g., sweat glands).

Endocrine Glands

Ductless; secrete hormones (e.g., adrenal glands).

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects body parts; has cells, matrix, and reticulum.

Connective Tissue Cells

Produce and maintain matrix (e.g., osteocytes, chondrocytes, blood cells).

Connective Tissue Matrix

Extracellular, non-living material (e.g., plasma, minerals).

Connective Tissue Reticulum

Fibrous framework of collagen, elastin, or reticulin.

Collagen

Strong, inelastic fiber found in bones and cartilage.

Elastin

Elastic, flexible fiber not as strong as collagen.

Reticulin

Network fiber providing structure.

Blood (Connective Tissue)

Cells: RBCs, WBCs, Platelets; Matrix: Plasma; Reticulum: Dissolved protein fibers.

Bone (Connective Tissue)

Cells: Osteocytes; Matrix: Minerals; Reticulum: Collagen network.

Cartilage (Connective Tissue)

Cells: Chondrocytes; Matrix: Cartilage; Reticulum: Collagen & Elastin.

Fibrocartilage

Strong, flexible joints (intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis).

Hyaline Cartilage

Smooth, shock-absorbing (meniscus, ribs to sternum).

Elastic Cartilage

Highly flexible (external ear, tip of nose).

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Fibers run parallel for strength (ligaments, tendons, joint capsules).

Muscular Tissue

Generates force for movement; three types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac.

Skeletal Muscle (Striated/Voluntary)

Location: body muscles; Function: movement, posture, heat; Striated; Voluntary control.

Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)

Location: internal organs; Function: moves materials; Non-striated; Involuntary control; Spindle-shaped cells.

Cardiac Muscle

Location: heart; Function: pumps blood; Striated; Branched cells with intercalated disks; Auto-rhythmic.

Nervous Tissue

Conducts electrical impulses through neurons and neuroglia.

Neuron

Nerve cell with dendrites (receive), cell body (process), and axon (send signal).

Neuroglia

Support and protect neurons (nerve glue).