Chapter 24 Memory

What is the definition of learning

Acquisition of new information

What is Memory

Retention and retrieval of learned information

What are the two types of memory

declarative memory and non-declarative memory

What is declarative (explicit) memory

memories of facts and episodic memory

What is non declarative (implicit) memory

Procedural memory-skills and habit

What is episodic memory

a subdivision of declarative memory which tells us about the events in our lives

Where is declarative memory found

medial temporal lobe; diencephalon

What are the subdivisions of nondeclarative memory

classical conditioning and procedural memory

Where is procedural memory found

striatum

What is procedural memory

skills and habits

What are the two types of classical conditioning

skeletal muscular (found in cerebellum)
emotional response (amygdala)

Where is memory stored

temporal lobe

What is procedural or implicit learning

skills, habits, or behaviors

What is associative learning

change in behavior over time in response to learning an association between stimuli and event

What are prime examples of associative learning

instrumental and classical conditioning

What is pavlovian/classical conditioning

when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned response, now the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

What is an unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that can naturally and automatically trigger a response
example: the food

What is a conditioned stimulus

a neutral stimulus which is paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response
example: the ring

What is an uncoditioned response

The natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
example: salivation

Conditioned Resonse

The learned response to formal neutral stimulus
example: salivation when the bell rang

What responses are the best to be conditioned

involuntary response

What is a good example of Associative learning

Operant/ instrumental conditioning

What is operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

Learning procedure which a particular behavior has a consequences to increase or decrease the probability of it happening agin

classical conditioning vs operant conditioning

Classical: unconscious
Operant: purposeful

What is the thorndike puzzle box

cat placed in a box, and once the cat pulled the level she could have access to food

Reinforcements ___ behavior in OPERANT conditioning

increases

Classical conditoing behavior is…

elicted by stimulus

Operant conditioning behavior is…

emitted by organism

what is Nonassociative learning

change in behavior over time in response to a SINGLE stimulus

What are the out come of Nonassociative learning

habituation and sensitization

What is sensitization

increase in response (think about cocktail party effect)

In formation of memory what happens to neurons in the short term

increase in chemical release

In formation of memory what happens to neurons in the long term

there is a physical change

In the long term what happen to a sensory neuron which habituates

it decreases synaptic branches

In the long term what happen to a sensory neuron which sensitized

they increase synaptic branches

What structure controls motivated movement

The caudate nucleus, putamen (the striatum) and the globus pallidus

What is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia

Cortex→ striatum and globus pallidus→VLo (ventral lateral nucleus) of thalamus→area 6

Where is procedural memory and habit learning found

in the striatum

What is the stratum made up of

caudate nucleus and putamen

What part of the brain forms a spatial map

hippocampus

Hippocampus us seen with what type of memory

declarative memory

In the experiment when a mouse goes to a light source to receive food what part of the brain is involved

strartium because this is procedural memory.

When procedural memory is at use when does that stratum fire the most

at the beginning or end of the task

What was the card test about

People remembering that specific cards correlated with a specific wheather

What was the result of card task

people with Parkinson’s patients cannot learn the task and Amnesic patients can learn the task but cannot explain the task

Amnesic patients in the card came had what impairment

declarative memory deficit

Why couldn’t the Parkinson’s patient learn the task

they had striatal damage

What is sensory information pathway to memory

Sensory information→ Working Memory
Sensory information→Short term memory→long term memory

What is the process of converting short term memory into long term memory

consolidation

What is working memory

temporary information stored for second, could require rehearsal, and limited capacity ((7)chunking helps), and we usually discard after using the memory

What is a prime example of working memory

Finding an office in a building

Where is working memory found

prefrontal cortex

What is prefrontal cortex involved in

Complex planning, problem solving, and self awareness

What is evidence shows that prefrontal cortex in involved in working memory

Phineas Gage and Delayed-Response task in monkey

What is the delayed-response task in monkey

Cells in the prefrontal cortex fire throughout the day and animals that have not learned the task have no activity

When do cells that use workin memory fire the most

during delay between cue and choice periods

In the prefrontal cortex there is working memory but what else is found here

Facial identity, facial location, and facial identity and facial location.

What is the Wisconsin Card-Sorting task

the task where people where supposed to adapt to random rule changes

What happened to those who had a lesion in the prefrontal cortex in the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task

They do not adapt to rule changes due to working memory lesion

Area LIP is seen in

guiding eye movement and attention to the peripheral vision.

What is the test about which pairs area LIP to working memory

Monkey was trained to keep focus on a fixed point for a fixed amount of time and a random red object point appeared and disappeared. After that fixed point the monkey look at where the red object was once at

What was the result of the area LIP and Working memory task

Neuron in area LIP stayed active when target comes on, and remains active during the delay and stops when saccade is made

What does the activation of area LIP during the start and delay mean

there is a correlation to working memory

What is Amnesia

loss of memory and or ability to form new memories (learn)

What is limited amnesia

Amnesia which we know what caused it

What is dissociated amneisa

amnesia which has no obvious cause

Limited vs Dissociated amnesia which one is more common

limited amnesia is most common

What is retrograde amnesia

Inability to recall past memories FROM time of trauma

What is anterograde amensia

One cannot make new memories since the time of trauma

What is Transient global amnesia

quick forgetfulness, doesn’t last long

Why does Transient Global Amnesia form

temporary ischemia

What is the symptoms of Transient Global Amnesia

disorientation, asking same questions, and can result in permanent memory gap

Who is Karl Lashley

he studied maze running in lesion rats to find memory/engram

What was Karl Lashley’s untrue claim

All cortical areas contribute to memory equally

Is memory widely spread in the brain

yes

What was Hebb claim about the Engram

Cells are reciprocally interconnected and reverberation each other during working memory

What was the presence of Hebb’s claim

That with many different stimulus you can work your way back to normal memory

How does Hebb’s Synapse work here

Neurons which fire together wire together which creates consolidation

What is the Engram

physical trace of memory

The engram could include what

sensory and perception neurons

Is each neuron in the Engram equally important

no

What is the importancy of the Engram

destruction of a few cell wouldn’t erase the memory

Where is declarative memory found

In the temporal lobe

Who found that temporal lobe has declarativ memroy

Penfield

How did Penfield declarative memory

he was poking around in someone with epilepsy

What did Penfield teach us from his experiment

Stimulation of temporal brain region produce a sensation like hallucination which give someone episodic memory

What was the caveat to Penfield experiment

it wasn’t true episodic memory because the patients “saw” themselves in a 3rd person manner when episodic memory is 1st person

Where in the temporal lobe is declarative memory found

medial temporal lobe

What does medial temporal lobe include

perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, para-hippocampal cortex, and thalamus

How does information flow through medial temporal lobe (DECLERATIVE MEMORY)

cortical association areas→parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areeas→hippocampus (which can go back to cortical association areas)→fornix→Thalamus and Hypothalamus

What is the job of the cortical association areas in medial temporal lobe pathway

to process sensory information behavior giving away

What was a cool piece of evidence that medial temporal lobe affects declarative memory

H.M. Henry Molaison

What did H.M. have done to him

temporal lobectomy to cure his epilepsy

True or false removal of temporal lobe has an effect on perception, intelligence, and personality

False

What kind of amnesia did H.M. have

anterograde and partially retrograde amnesia

What kind of memory lose did H.M. have

declarative memory which spread to procedural memory

Ask Dr. C if H.M. had procedural memory lose

What was evidence of anterograde of H.M.

He didn’t recognize Brenda Milner who studied him for 50 years.

How did H.M. prove that their is different storage cites for different memories

He improved in the mirror task which states he has declarative/episodic memory, and procedural memory

HM had was deficit in declartive memory but not

procedural memory