ANT100 ARCH

Provenience

Place of origin
-Location (X,Y,Z)
-Association between artifacts and stratigraphic

Evidence through Survey

-Pedestrian (Try to see evidence)
-Aerial: satellite, LIDAR

Dating Method

-Relative: Putting artifacts in temporal sequence no calendar date
-Absolute: Estimating calendar date with error range

Radiocarbon

Dating based on the amount of Carbon-14, decomposing, 60 000 years good.

Interpretation

Need to know theory, social and historical, self-discplined

Experimental Archaeology (what it is and the site)

Possible behaviours that lead to the evidence.
-Ukraine Tryphilla houses, intentually burned down 7000 years ago

Stratigraphic Deposits (strata)

Understanding the change through time, How the site was formed, through excavation (digging)

"Ur" (South Mespotania) And findings

Iraq, Oldest urban centre, 5500-300BC
- inhabited more than once, powerful city, Evacuated tablets

Partage

means "to share", legislation is allowed to take artifacts and give them to museums in western and local museums

19th Century North America

display of worthy artifacts, white men and black labours on indigenous sites

20th Century North America

Science based impartial view, archeologists are stuarts of the land

Processualism Theory

universal ideas of human behaviour changing ideas about heritage legacy

late 20th century

Push back on processualism, No temporal view, not possible, wondering if they are stuarts of the and

GPR

-Ground Penetrating Device
-Radiowaves to map underground, was used to find bodies at residential schools

Lower Paleolithic (Name them)

-Oldowan
-Acheulean

Acheulean

-Homo Erectus
-Africa 1.7MYA-200KYA
-Hand Axe

Oldowan

-Homo Habilis
- Africa Tanzania 2.5-1.2MYA
-Flakes

Flintknapping

Striking hard stone or antler onto a core

Bulb of percussion

core and then waves away from it (force travels)

Core

Negative impression, it the flake scar

Pressure flaking

using small tools to break off small flakes

Middle Paleolithic

-300 000-40 000 YA
-Diversity but mainly Neanderthals
-Mousterian Technology
-Levallois cores

Levallois cores

Prepared cones from which flakes are removed with a distinctive"tortoise-shell" appearance

Acheulean Non-hand axe

-Homo Erectus: Movius Line
-Zhoukoudian (near Beijing, China)
-Deep Cave site, lots of tools

Upper Paleolithic

-Dispersal of Homo Sapiens
-Blades and Microblades
-Projectile

Clovis

-Fluted projectile point
-13 250-12 800 years ago
-For big game

Clovis First Hypothesis

-Where and When the first indigenous ppl came to what is the Americas

Beringia (Clovis)

-Bring land bridge
-Parts of Alaska

Ice-Free Corridor

-Expose Arctic shelf
-15-13.5KYA
-Travel is possible between beringia and south

Monte Verde (Pre-clovis)

-14-15KYA
-Chile
-Wooden tools, losts of remains, no big game

Meadowcroft Rockshelter (Pre-clovis)

-16KYA
-Remains, tool, fire, pottery
-Deep underground
-America

New Mexico footprints (Pre-clovis)

Organic material 23KYA

Calvert Island (Not pre-clovis)

-B.C
-Foot prints walking at high tide, suggested use of boats

Cerutti Site (Not pre-clovis)

-Canada
-130KYA
-Fossils and tools

New Hypothesis (how people got to Americas)

Cortal Migration theory
-Glacial refugia
-Boats
-Kelp Highway

Koobi Fora, Kenya

-Oldwan tools found
-Fire reddened soil, oxidized iron

Mircomorphology

Method of collecting and examining stratigraphic sediments at at the microscopic level

Wonderwork Cave

-South Africa
-1MYA
-Wood ash and burnt bone
-Homo Erectus

Madjebebe Rockshelter

-Australia
-65 000 yrs ago
-Hearths with remnants of food
-Change the environment
-Controlled burns

Dolni Vestonice

-Upper Paleolithic
-Czech Republic
-25KYA
-2300 Clay figures and kilns
-Mammoth bone houses

Neanderthals Cave Art

-Spain
-65KYA
-Geometric Shapes

Earliest cave art associated with H. sapiens

-Sulawesi
-45KYA
-Animals and hand prints

Lascaux Caves

-Homo Sapiens
-Europe
-40KYA
-Deep in the cave, cows

Meaning of Cave Art

-Need illumination to get there
-Are liminal spaces, allow movement between worlds
-Related to luck

Xianrendong Cave

-Paddle and Anvil
-Coil made and used for food
-10 000 years before farming, made by hunter and gatherers

Metalllurgy

-Cold Hammer into shapes
-Smelting in a furnace, pouring into molds

The Bronze Age

-19th C
-3 age system
-Eurasian Steppe 5KYA
-Writing, social hierarchy, proto-urbanism, specialized craft production

Sintashta Culture

-Horse people
-Bronze makers for weapons and ornaments
-No social inequality
-Introduced china to bronze
-5000 years ago

3 Age System

Advance from stone to bronze to iron

Iron in Africa

-Skipped to Iron, got ideas from the middle east.
-500-1500 years ago advanced politically with iron weapons

Paleoethnobotany

-Study the interactions between plants and humans

Macroscopic

Seeds, nuts, grains (size is important)

Microscopic

Starch grains and phytoliths (silica cell wall)

USA legislation (NAGPRA)

-North American Graves Repatriation Act
-requires federally funded institutions (like museums) to repatriate ancestral remains and cultural belongings

Natufians (Hunting and date)

-15-11KYA
-Southeast Asia
-Semi-sedatory
-Controlled burns to kill gazelle
-Bladelets and sickles

Kharaneh IV (Upper Paleolithic)

-Jordan
-20KYA
-Natufians
-Sub-floor burials,, grinding stone, storage pits, baking ovens
-burned at abandonment

Gobeki Tepe

-Circular buildings
-turkye
-11KYA
-religious, on a hill cannot do farming

Stonehenge

-Neolithic Bronze Age
-Salisburg UK
-Were mobile farmers
-Used to promot britishness
-5000 years ago, rebuilt
-Stone is from Scotland

Rapa Nui

-Polynesian farmers
-Easter Isalnd
-1200AD settled
-900 statues and ceremony grounds
-Brought disease to these people

Poverty Point

-Louisiana
-3500-3100 years ago
-Hunter and gatherers
-Built in 60-90 days (no weathering in between bricks
-Centre of trade (copper found)

Newark Earthworks

-Ohio
-Mobile farmers ancestors of indigenous ppl
-1900 and 1600
-Gathering space

Domestic vs Wild

-Larger seeds and touch rachis
-Wild have small seeds and shattered rachis
-Cows have smaller horns, more docile

Abu Hureyra

-Pre-Pottery Neolithic
-5000-6000 ppl
-10.5-8.7KYA
-Domesticated wheat
-Public places on rooftops

Catalhoyuk

-Turkey
-9100-7700 Years ago
-Animal bones 800 years ago
-No sacred place
-Household-based economy
-Artwork on walls

Mesopotamia

-Iraq
-Land between rivers (Tigns, Euphrates)
-Irrigation (control water)
-Stone came from other places (good trade)

Early Mesopotamia

-7000 years go urbanism starts
-Temples for belief system
-Eridu: kingship is given by god

Uruk period

-6000 Years ago cities actually start
-40 000-20 000 ppl
-Centre of Authority

Ziggurat Temple, Palace and City Council

-Authority in Mesopotamia
-Ensi (City Ruler), chosen by the city council
-limits power

Specialization in Mesopotamia

-Mostly farmers
-Craft producers, Scribes,
-Rationed their food

Cuneiform

-5200 years ago (Uruk period)
-Styles in wet clay
-Used to write languages
-For administration, taxes, laws, literature, recipes, perceptions
-Hammburabi's code
-Epic of Gilgamesh

Indus Valley

-Pakistan, Mehrgarh
-8500 years ago
-Pun-Abi's tomb
-River was very unpredictable, had to control it for good farming
-Granaries but no grain
-Cemeteries but no royal tombs
-No grave goods (practicality)

Mohenjo-Daro

-City in the Indus Valley
-5000-4000 years ago
-Houses, workshops, hygiene(drains)

Acropolis (Citadel)

-Lower town in Indus Valley
-All Elites
-The great bath

Elites

-Were merchants, manufacturers of goods
-Probably not a heredity monarchy

Ile Ife

-Nigeria
-9th C
-Important ritual ground
-Yoruba Dynasty descended from the sky
-Height in 11th-15th C
-Still a city

Erlitou

-3900-3500 years ago
-Walled urban area
-Prestige goods, ritual items
-Elaborate burals
-Shang dynasty

Three sisters

Squash, Beans, and Maize
-The grow perfectly together and are a complete diet
-Indigenous ppl Mesoamerica

Olmec

-Mother culture
-3800-2600 years ago
-Palaces, tombs, admin buildings, temple, writing, art
-Elites are prominent in trade

Teotihuacan

-Powerful political centre
-Elites controlled religion, and obsidian manufacturing
-AD 1 and AD 200
-80 000 ppl
-Aztecs called it the city of the gods

Maya and its Collapses

-250-900AD
-Farmers
-People rejected the leadership, poor management, Drought, shift in farming practises
-Last Mayan Kingdom was concerned in 1697

Tikal (Temple)

-Mayan
-Semi-devine kings
-Documented in Hieroglyphics (calendars)

Domesticated in North America

-Weedy plants first 5000 years ago
-Earthworks was a farming centre, lost of them
-2200 years ago small amount of corn
-AD 1000 Ancestral Wendat farming large amounts of Maize

Andes

-Highland Region
-Domesticated Aplacas 7000 years ago
-Domesticated Squash, maize, and cotton (in order)

The first city of the andes

Moche- Massive Pyramids (Huaca del sol, de luna)
Spanish destroyed them
Inka- Cuszco was the capital, Urban zones, semi-divine kings, palaces
Inka's were created, not inherited. Macchu Piccu