PSY 221 Exam 4

What is the hardening of arteries due to plaque build up called?

What is the hardening of arteries due to plaque build up called?

Arteriosclerosis

What is the heart called?

myocardium

What type of blood does arteries carry?

oxygenated blood

What type of blood does veins carry?

deoxygenated blood

What is the #1 cause of death?

Heart disease

The restriction of blood flow that can damage the heart is called

Coronary Heart Disease (Heart Disease)

What is another word for heart attack?

myocardial infarction

What is a precursor to heart attacks?

Coronary artery

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

the restriction of blood flow called ischemia

Describe the process of a heart attacks (myocardial infarction).

complete blockage, zero oxygen getting to heart muscle that eventually leads to tissue death.

How often do myocardial infarctions occur?

every 42 sec in U.S

Do men and women experience the same signs and symptoms of a heart attack?

No; women may experience different or more subtle symptoms than men

Where do men usually feel pain if they are experiencing a heart attack?

in the arm; this is because its hard to detect internal pain

Why are women less likely to survive their first heart attack?

because symptoms can relate to other illnesses with similar/related symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, fainting, etc.

What is a stroke?

death of brain tissue

What are the signs of stroke?

Think F.A.S.T.: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time to call emergency services.

How many people die from heart disease?

1 in 4

How many people die from cardiovascular disease including stroke?

1 in 3

Why is the rate of heart disease higher in the south?

southerners are more likely to eat unhealthy foods and more likely to live in rural areas which makes healthcare not easily accessible

T or F: There is a strong association between smoking & heart
disease

T; you will increase your chances of getting HD If you smoke

What is the Framingham Heart Study (FHS)?

the FHS is a prospective, longitudinal study that aimed to identify factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease and showed that smoking was bad for health

What were the findings of the Framingham Heart Study?

hypertension, waist to hip ratio, cholesterol, and smoking (increases blood pressure) are the best predictor of CVD

What is a healthy blood pressure?

less than 120 systolic pressure and less than 80 diastolic pressure

What is the single best predictor of heart attack & stroke?

hypertension

What can cause hypertension?

genetics, weight and lack of exercise, diet (high salt and cholesterol foods), and smoking

What is the main dietary culprit of plaque in the arteries?

LDL cholesterol (fats, eggs, meat & dairy, trans fats, smoking increase LDL)

What can reduce LDL cholesterol?

HDL cholesterol

What is the leading behavioral risk factor for CV death in
U.S.?

smoking

Why does smoking cigarettes lead to CV death?

chemicals can damage blood vessels which can raise blood pressure, facilitate plaque formation, lower HDL cholesterol and increase chance of blood clots

Second hand smoking can increase risk of CVD by

25-35%

Why is obesity a behavioral risk factor for CVD?

because fat cells can increase inflamination and plaque on cells

Why is diet a behavioral risk factor for CVD?

trans and saturated fats are linked to increasing cholesterol and blood pressure; however, eating fruits and veggies lowers risk of CVD because they have anti-inflamatory properties.

Why is physical activity a behavioral risk factor for CVD?

inactivity can lead to abdominal fat risk; ecersising can lower BP, increase HDL and decrease risk of CVD

Why are low education and income individuals are a psychosocial risk factor for CVD?

smoking rates are higher, more likely to be uneducated about unhealthy foods, more likey to eat processed foods (cheap)

Why is stress a psychosocial risk factor for CVD?

release of cortisol can contribute to plaque build up and increase inflammation

Why is depression a psychosocial risk factor for CVD?

depression is linked with inflammation

What are the main traits tied to Type A and Type D personality?

Hostility and anger

Why is Type D personality worse than Type A?

keeping in anger rather than express anger like Type A people would

What are inherent risk factors of CVD?

ethnicity, gender and age

Which ethnic group has the greatest risk of CVD?

African Americans have greater risk of CVD than other ethnic/racial groups due to economic, behavioral and social reasons

T or F: Men, 35-74, twice as likely to die of CVD than women same age.

T

____ have a greater risk of CVD at a younger age.

men

How can we prevent CVD?

practice better behaviors that can decrease risks such as smoking, diet, etc; start a healthy lifestyle early to establish patterns; and recognize and resolve anger

What is the second leading cause of death?

Cancer

What is Cancer?

characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells that is caused by damage to DNA

Are death rates for cancer on the decline?

yes; due to improved early detection and treatments and better lifestyle changes amoungst younger generations

What are the leading cancer types?

Lung, colon, breast and prostate

What are the two very common cancer types?

breast and prostate

What is the most frequent cancer?

basal cell carcinoma (melanoma)

What are the two most deadly cancer types?

lung (the 1st most deadly) and colon/rectum cancer

Why is Cancer incidence and prevalence increasing?

The strongest risk factors for cancer is

age; genetic predisposition is also a risk factor but its very rare (5-10%)

Are there other risk factors to cancer besides age?

enviormental exposure (radon) and forever chemicals (lack of government restrictions)

How can diet cause cancer?

processed red meats can cause colon cancer but eatiing fruits and veggies may protect against it; red meats and high fat foods are risk factors

Obesity is responsible for _______ percent of cancer deaths.

14-20%

Is alcohol consumption a risk factors or cause of cancer?

risk factors;

How can you prevent cancer?

maintain normal weight, maintain healthy diet, stay physically active

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

the virus that causes AIDS that attacks the immune system and kills CD4+ t-helper cells

What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

the final stage of HIV infection

How long can you carry HIV before damage is done to develop AIDS?

10 years

Where did AIDS originate from?

Congo

What was the 7th leading cause of death in the world in 2000?

HIV

What is the leading cause of death ranking for HIV in the US?

top 15 for 15-64 year olds

Why is HIV the leading cause of death in Africa?

less access and affordability

Describe the trend of HIV/AIDS trend.

The prevelence is incraseing because more people who have HIV are surviving. Incidence is decreasing because more people are engaging in less risky behaviors. Deaths are dropping because we have more access to treatment that can help a person with the disease survive.

What group is most at risk to getting HIV in the south?

African American, homosexual men

What type of sex is most risky for contracting HIV?

anal sex

What risky behaviors is most risky for contracting HIV?

unprotected sex and drug use (needles)

What are the symptoms for HIV?

1-4 weeks: flu-like symptoms. But, then no symptoms for as long as 10 years after

Which sexual partner is more at risk for contracting HIV?

receptive partner (bottom)

How can you prevent the spread of HIV?

abstain from sex until tested, use condoms, don’t share needles

What is Antiretroviral therapy?

a pull that preserves t-cells and stops the reproduction of HIV to prevent transmission

What is PrEP?

an HIV prevention medication that is taken daily to prevent you from getting HIV; expensive

What is PEP?

an HIV medication that can prevent the spread of HIV is exposed to risky behavior; must be taken within 72 hours of exposure; medicine must be taken for a month