History and Systems of Psych Exam 3

William Jame’s most famous book was titled 

Principles of Psychology 

what is the james lange theory of emotion states that emotions are

a. the causes of internal bodily changes

b. the result of specific chemical secretions in the body

c. perceptions of internal bodily changes

d. what distinguish us from animals

c. perceptions of internal bodily changes

The loosely defined movement in American Psychology that focused attention the utility and purpose of behavior was known as 

functionalism 

The Philosophy that stressed the evalutation of ideas according to their utility was called 

a. behaviorism

b. pragmatism

c. rationalism

d. functionatlism

b. pragmatism

EL Thorndike is best known for creating the ___ for studying cats in puzzle boxes 

Law of Effect 

The father of American Psychology is ___

a. stanley hall 

b. William James 

c. EB Titchner 

d. John Watson 

b. William James 

what is the main difference between william james’ lab and Wundt’s lab?

James’ lab was for replications of experiments for teaching while wundt had a working lab where he conducted research and did experiments 

what well known phrase is accredited to william james and where did it come from

the phrase “stream of consciousness” was brought about by James because he thought the mind was like a river, if you put your foot in it and then take it out, it wont be in the same spot because the river keeps moving 

From this list who was NOT one of James’ students:

a. Stanley Hall

b. Mary Whiton Calkins

c. EB Titchner 

d. Wilhelm Wundt 

d. Wilhelm Wundt

summarize the James-Lange Theory

proposes that emotions result from our perception of physiological changes in the body → we feel emotions because we notice our bodily reactions to a stimulus

How was Wundt Misunderstood for years

Through his idea of introspection that he used in his research and introspection was discredited as a method of experimental psychology and if he used it — it would discredit his psychology, however only a few of his 180 papers included introspection. This misunderstandings were there because his orignal work was in german and most of it was inaccuratley translated to english by his student, EB Titchner. AND EG Boring wrote the first textbook in psychology and described him more as TITCHENER than WUNDT 

What was the argument against intelligent design and what was the main piece of evidence against it?

certain features point out certain things in the animal kingdom and if any one thing is off about them, then it wont work and that obviously meant there had to be a greater designer. They also believed there was no greater development. The main piece of evidence was the tail that belonged to the flagellum organism that let is move through the water 

Why do Fancher and Rutherford say that Pavlov felt troubled?  How did he resolve his problem and what role did Sechenov play?   Why the term "psychic secretions"?  And be able to state Pavlov's problem with the psychology of his day.

Pavlov felt troubled because he discovered the idea of physiological reactions before a stimuli — that mimicked introspection and he didn’t think that the psychology of that time was equipped to handle the revelation. The phrase ‘psychic secretions’ came from physiological reaction of the conditioned reflexes 

What did Pavlov do in his Nobel Prize address of 1904? For what did he win the Nobel Prize?

Pavlov wont his 1904 nobel prize for his work in digestion

Describe, in the technical terms, Pavlov's theory of his newfound conditioning (called Pavlovian, classical, or respondent conditioning). Pavlov explored the implications of his discovery, including potential applications to understanding human conditions like neuroses. Describe Pavlov’s study of “experimental neuroses.”

• Learning: occurs through the formation of associations between stimuli and consequences

• Neutral Stimulus (NS)

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

• Unconditioned Response (UR)

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

What is the point about Pavlov's influence on American behaviorists and how behaviorists changed psychology so that it might have been more palatable for Pavlov

Pavlovs theory of conditioned reflexes set groundword for physiological measruable models of how experience shapes behavior and behavioritals reframed psychology so that is resembled Pavlovian physiological science 

What is the name of Watson's famous "manifesto" and when did it appear?  In what three ways did Watson declare independence from traditional psychology?

Watsons Manifesto was called Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it and his 3 declarations were: 

1. rejection of introspection and consciousness as a subject matter

   1. argued that psychology should abandon the study of consciousness

2. redefinition of psychologys goal

3. Rejection of the dualism between humans and animals

   1. Watson insisted there was no fundamental difference between human and animal behavior

What was the main significance of Pavlov's studies for Watson?  What was the difference in the approach of Pavlov and Watson and how did Watson apply this in his presidential address?

Pavlov was a psychologist who focused on reflezes and their neural bases where watson was a psychologist whp turned Pavlovs experimental demonstrations into broader ideas

Who was Rosalie Rayner and what did she and Watson do with “Little Albert”

Rosalie Rayner was Watson’s Grad Student and research assistant. They conducted the Little Albert Experiment where they found an infant with no fear of white animals and paired a fluffy white rat with a loud frightening noise to produce a generalized fear of familliar object. Fancher and Rutherford point out flaws in the experiment 

Describe what Fancher and Rutherford mean by radical environmentalism, as well as Watson's famous (or infamous) quote. (We will discuss this at greater length in class.)

• Radical Environmentalism: 

  • Watons view that envionrment determines human behavior and development and that heredity could be ignored in favor of environmental control

In regards to Watson’s quote: he was a bad father §  He doesn’t believe his quote is true, didn’t think there was anything such as innate behavior

BF Skinner discovered a type of learning called ___ conditioning (which he distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning) that focused on the consequences of behavior that operates on the environment

Operant Conditioning 

Skinners first book was titled:

The Behavior of Organisms

For Skinner, the Specific Conditions under which respones are reinforced are called 

reinforcemtn 

the operant chamber that skinner invented has becomes known formally as the___ Box 

The Skinner Box 

The record of responses made by an animal in an operant chamber is referred to as a 

cumulative record 

To Watson, what were human emotions and what did he believe about them

he believed that human emotions were a complex aspect of a central thing and they could be changed with learned responses 

Who was Mary Cover jones

The Mother of Behavior Therapy — Little Peter Experiment (baby was alr scared of white rats_ 

What is pragmatism and how did it relate to a Darwiniam worldview

pragmatism is a method that assesses ideas by their practical cosequences and usefulness and it aligns with a darwinian view by threating thoughts and ideas as insturments for coping and adapting