Chemistry Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering the key concepts from the lecture notes, including qualitative and quantitative properties, particle theory, states of matter, mixtures, chemical and physical changes, atomic models, periodic table organization, and chemical families.

Qualitative Physical Property

Properties that can be observed without measuring and describing qualities of matter, such as color, texture, or state.

Quantitative Physical Property

Properties that can be measured numerically, such as mass, temperature, or volume.

Particle Theory of Matter (5 points)

All matter is made of tiny particles, different substances have different particles, hotter particles move faster, particles have space between them, and particles attract each other.

Molecular Arrangement in States of Matter

In solids, molecules are packed closely and stick tightly, only vibrating. In liquids, molecules are a bit spread out and can slide around. In gases, molecules are very far apart and move freely.

Element

Substance made of only one type of atom (e.g., Oxygen).

Compound

Substance made of two or more atoms joined together (e.g., Water).

Mechanical Mixture

Mixture with different parts that can be seen (e.g., Salad).

Solution

Mixture that looks like one thing; its parts cannot be seen (e.g., Salt water).

Color (Qualitative Property)

The color of a substance; for example, a banana is yellow.

State (Qualitative Property)

The state of a substance, whether it's a solid, liquid, or gas; for example, water is a liquid.

Texture (Qualitative Property)

How a substance feels to the touch; for example, sandpaper feels rough.

Clarity (Qualitative Property)

The ability to see through a substance; for example, glass is clear.

Lustre (Qualitative Property)

The shininess of a substance; for example, gold is shiny.

Malleability (Qualitative Property)

The ability of a substance to be bent or shaped; for example, aluminum can be bent.

Hardness (Qualitative Property)

The resistance of a substance to being scratched; for example, diamonds are very hard.

Brittleness (Qualitative Property)

The tendency of a substance to break easily; for example, glass is brittle.

Mass (Quantitative Property)

The heaviness of an object; for example, a book is 500 grams.

Volume (Quantitative Property)

The amount of space something takes up; for example, a jug holds 2 liters of milk.

Temperature (Quantitative Property)

The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance; for example, water boils at 100°C.

Density (Quantitative Property)

The ratio of mass to volume, indicating how heavy something is for its size; for example, a rock is denser than a sponge.

Flammability (Chemical Property)

The ability of a substance to catch fire; for example, paper can burn.

Reaction with Acid (Chemical Property)

Whether a substance bubbles/reacts with acid; for example, baking soda reacts with vinegar.

Reaction with Water (Chemical Property)

Whether a substance reacts with water; for example, sodium reacts with water.

Ability to Rust (Chemical Property)

Whether a substance can rust in air and water; for example, iron can rust.

State Change Requirement

A substance needs to gain or lose heat to change state.

Physical Change Clues

Change in size, shape, or state without changing the substance.

Chemical Change Clues

Formation of bubbles or gas, color change, heat or light emission, precipitate formation, or difficult reversal.

Democritus' Atomic Theory

Everything is made of tiny, solid balls called atoms (no proof).

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Atoms are solid spheres, each element has its own kind of atom (didn't know about subatomic particles).

Thomson's Atomic Theory

Atoms have tiny negative parts called electrons (didn't know about the nucleus).

Rutherford's Atomic Theory

Atoms have a tiny, dense, positive center called the nucleus (didn't explain electron arrangement).

Bohr's Atomic Theory

Electrons move in fixed paths/orbits around the nucleus (worked well for simple atoms).

Metals Characteristics

Shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, bendable/malleable, usually solid, and can be stretched/ductile.

Non-Metals Characteristics

Not shiny, poor conductors, usually brittle or gas, and don't conduct heat or electricity well.

Metalloids Characteristics

Have properties of both metals and nonmetals, can be shiny but brittle, and conduct electricity sometimes.

Periodic Table Exceptions

Hydrogen, Helium, Aluminum, Astatine, Mercury, and Bromine

Same Group (Periodic Table)

Elements have similar properties and the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

Same Period (Periodic Table)

Elements have the same number of electron shells but different properties.

Atomic Number

Tells you how many protons are in an atom of that element.

Alkali Metals (Group 1)

Very reactive metals, soft, react with water.

Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

Less reactive than alkali metals, harder metals.

Halogens (Group 17)

Very reactive non-metals, good at making compounds.

Noble Gases (Group 18)

Non-reactive gases, very stable.

Transition Metals (Groups 3-12)

Hard metals, good conductors, often used in construction and tools.

Metalloids

Mixed properties of metals and non-metals.

Period Number

The period number tells you the number of electron shells the atom has.