Ch 8 AP WH Vocab

steam engine

A coal-fired, inanimate, and almost limitless source of power that drove machines, locomotives, and oceangoing ships, representing the great technological breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution.

textile industry

The first major industrialized sector, especially in Britain, where innovations in cotton production launched factory-based manufacturing and dramatically increased output.

Adam Smith

A British thinker whose ideas helped articulate classical liberalism, asserting that individuals should be free from state interference and that a free market would promote the collective good.

John Stuart Mill

A British liberal thinker who, like Adam Smith, helped shape the ideology of classical liberalism supporting limited government, private property, and individual liberty.

ideology of domesticity

A belief system defining homemaking, child rearing, morality, and refined activities as the proper sphere for middle-class women, while men belonged in the public and work spheres.

Luddites

Skilled English artisans who, between 1811 and 1813, destroyed industrial machines and mills that threatened their jobs, engaging in “collective bargaining by riot.”

Robert Owen

A wealthy British cotton manufacturer who advocated small industrial communities with good treatment for workers and created such a community at New Lanark with shorter hours, good housing, and education.

Karl Marx

A German-born thinker who lived in England and concluded that industrial capitalism was inherently unstable and would collapse in a revolutionary upheaval leading to a classless socialist society.

Labour Party

A British working-class political party established in the 1890s that advocated a peaceful democratic transition to socialism and reform, rather than Marx’s revolutionary class struggle.

American Federation of Labor

A major U.S. union organization that focused on skilled workers, avoided alignment with political parties, and contributed to the relative weakness of socialism in the United States.

white collar workers

Members of the growing lower middle class in industrial society working in sales, clerical, office, and service jobs.

blue collar workers

Manual laborers in factories, mines, ports, construction, workshops, and farms who formed the laboring classes of industrializing societies.

progressives

Early twentieth-century U.S. reformers who pushed for wages-and-hours laws, sanitation standards, antitrust legislation, and greater government regulation of the economy.

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

An illegal Russian Marxist party founded in 1898 that organized workers, spread socialist ideas, and later led the revolutionary movement.

Tsar Nicholas II

The autocratic ruler of Russia during industrialization whose regime reluctantly offered limited reforms after the 1905 Revolution but failed to resolve deep social tensions.

caudillos

Military strongmen in Latin America who achieved power amid political instability and ruled as defenders of order and property, often replacing one another frequently.

Mexican Revolution

A massive nationwide upheaval (1910–1920) in which workers, peasants, and middle-class reformers overthrew Porfirio Díaz, resulting in a new constitution with land reform, labor rights, and limits on the Church.

dependent development

Latin America’s form of economic growth that relied on foreign capital and was shaped by European and U.S. prosperity and decisions, often seen as a new form of colonialism.