Kinesiology

cardinal plane

plane that is in the dead center of the body

Sagittal Plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal axis

point that runs through a joint from side to side; sagittal plane

sagittal axis

point that runs through a joint from front to back; frontal plane

longitudinal axis

An imaginary long, straight line that cuts through the body from top to bottom; transverse plane

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

toward the back

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

bilateral

both sides

Inferior (infra)

below in relation to another structure; caudal

superior (supra)

above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

superficial

near the surface

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

dorsal

toward the back

Ventral

Toward the front

palmar

palm of hand

Volar

back of palm

plantar

sole of foot

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body (adding to the midline)

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

Straightening of a joint

Circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

external (lateral) rotation

rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

internal (medial) rotation

rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

pronation

turning the palm downward

Supination

turning the palm up (soup in hand)

radial (abduction) deviation

movement towards the thumb side (which also goes away from the midline)

ulnar (adduction) deviation

movement towards the pinky side (towards midline)

plantar flexion

pushing ankle downwards (step on gas)

Dorsiflexion

bends the foot upward at the ankle

inversion

turning ankle inward, towards midline, bottom of feet face each other

eversion

turning ankle outward, bottom of feet face out

Elevation

raising a body part (shoulder)

Depression

lowering a body part (shoulder)

protractor (abduction)

shoulder pushes forward, away from midline

retraction (abduction)

shoulder blades come together, towards midline

upper rotation

upper shoulder rotates

downward rotation

shoulder rotates down

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

cortex

hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

medullary (marrow) cavity

between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

metaphysis

the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Epiphysis

end of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

epiphyseal plate

growth plate; thin cartilage plate separated diaphysis and epiphysis

apophyses

growth zones attached to the shaft (corpus) of larger bones

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Type of cartilage found in joints covers the ends of bones, allowing them to glide over each other with minimal friction.

Endochondral ossification

process of bone formation where a cartilage template is gradually replaced by bone. Occurs during fetal development and bone growth. Helps form long bones and certain other skeletal structures

osteoblasts

cells that form new bone

osteoclasts

cells that reabsorb old bone

collagen

in bones it provides flexibility and strength in resisting tension, decreases with age

cortical bone

stiffer bone that can withstand greater stress but less strain, low porosity

cancellous bone

spongy, can undergo greater strain before fracturing, high porosity

Wolff’s Law

bone adapts to the loads placed upon it. Increased stress leads to increased bone density, while decreased stress results in bone loss.

Processes

elevation and projections

Processes that form joints

condyle, facet, head

processes to which ligaments, muscles, or tendons attach

crest, epocondyle, line, process, spine (spinous process), suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Type of cavities (depressions)

facet, foramen, fossa, fovea, meatus, sinus, sulcus (groove)

articulation

connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between joint surfaces. Bony configuration, ligaments,and muscles limit ROM

Synarthrodial joint

immovable; no joint cavity, suture of the cranial bones

ex: teeth fitting into the mandible

amphiarthrodial

slightly movable joints, 2 types

syndesmosis

joint held together by strong ligamentous structured or interosseous membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones; type of amphiarthrodial joint

synchorndrosis

joint separated by fibrocartilage that allows very slight movements between the bones; type of amphiarthrodial joint

diathrodial

freely moveable joints, joung is in a sleeve-like ligamentous joint capsule that is lines with synovial membrane and fluid

hyaline/articulate cartilage

covers articular surfaces to absorb shock and protect bone in the joint cavity

Motions in # planes

\#degrees of freedom, corresponds to the cardinal planes of motion

Arthrodial (gliding) joint

2 flat bony surfaces that butt against each other, permits limited gliding movement; type of diarthrodial joint

condyloidial (biaxial ball and socket)joint

bones permit movement in 2 planes without rotation, an oval/egg shaped convex surface fits into a concave surface; type of diarthrodial joint

ex: wrist, knuckle

Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball and socket) joint

spherical head of one bone fits into the cup or cavity of another, permits in all planes; type of diarthrodial joint

ex: hip

ginglymus (hinge) joint

one surface is spool-like, the other is concave; the concave fits over the spool-like process and glides partially around in a hinge-type movement in one-place only; type of diarthrodial joint

ex: elbow

sellar (saddle) joint

both ends of convex surface are tipped up making the surface concave in the other direction, allows ball and socket movement without the rotations; type of diarthrodial joint

ex: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

trochoidal (pivot) joint

a peg-like pivot or by 2 long bones fighting against each other near each end in such a way that one bone can roll around the other; type of diarthrodial joint

ex: radioulnar joint

Davis’ Law

ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissue when placed under appropriate tension will adapt over time by lengthening when maintained in a loose or shortened state over a period of time

What affects joint stability?

* shape of bone
* muscles
* ligaments
* facia/skin
* atmospheric pressure

factors that limit range of motion (instability)

* shape of bones
* ligaments
* tightness/flexibility of muscles
* size of muscles
* adipose tissue
* gender
* hereditary
* fitness level

close packed joint

minimal joint volume with maximal congruence and area of surface contact between joint surfaces (most bony contact); ligaments and other supporting structures are farthest apart and taunt; joints are the most stable

Loose (open) packed joint

minimal joint surface contact and congruence with maximal joint volume; ligaments and other supporting structures are in their slackest position; minimal stability

goniometer

measures amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles; protractor for joints

inclimometer

similar to goniometer, measures joint angles, used when more than one joint is involved

physiologic motion (osteokinematic)

clear movement of bones that are obvious from the outside, flexion/extension

if accessory motion doesn’t happen then physiologic motion doesn’t occur

accessory motion (arthrokinematic)

movement of joint surfaces, involuntary movement

spin joint motion

Rotation of a bone along its longitudinal axis, allowing movement in a circular or twisting motion.

ex: rotating the head from side to side or turning the wrist to open a doorknob.

roll joint motion

movement where one articular surface rocks on another like a rocking chair. It allows smooth movement and reduces friction between bones. occurs in direction of movement

glide joint movement

Type of joint movement where bones slide past each other in a smooth motion. direction of movement is determined by the shape of the articulating surface (convex/concave)

convex-concave rule

if convex bone moves on stationary concave bone then gliding occurs in the opposite direction to roll

concave-convex rule

if concave surface moves on a convex surface, then roll and gliding occur in the same direction

parallel fiber arrangement

parallel to length of muscle; produces a greater ROM than pennate

types of parallel fiber arrangments

* flat
* fusiform
* strap
* triangular/fan-shaped
* sphincter/circular

pennate fiber arrangement

shorter fibers, arranged in a similar way as feathers, increases in the cross-sectional area of the muscle

types of pennate fibers

* Unipennate fibers have muscle fibers on one side of the tendon
* Bipennate fibers have muscle fibers on both sides
* Multipennae fibers have multiple muscle fibers