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What are the functions of blood
Transportation, regulation and protection
What does blood transport?
Oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products
What does blood regulate
Body temp, pH balance and fluid volume
What does blood protect against
Clotting and immune defense (white blood cells)
What are the components of blood
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What is plasma
Formed of proteins, what blood flows in
What are red blood cells
Transports oxygen via hemoglobin
What is a hemoglobin
Protein that binds oxygen molecules
What are white blood cells
Immune defense
What is neutrophils (granulocytes)
First responder to infection
What is eosinophils (granulocytes)
Defend against parasites, involved in allergic responses
What is basophils (granulocytes)
Releases histamine during allergic reactions
What are lymphocytes (agranulocytes)
B-cells (produce antibodies)
T-cells (cell mediated immunity)
NK cells (kill virus infected cells)
What are monocytes (agranulocytes)
Differentiate into macrophages which engulf pathogens and debris
What are platelets
Small cell fragments
Essential for blood clotting (forms plugs for open wounds)
What is the ABO blood group system based on
The presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs
Type A blood
A antigen, anti-B antibodies
Type B blood
B antigen, anti A antibodies
Type AB blood
Both A and B antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient)
Type O blood
No antigens, both anti bodies (universal donor)
What is the monomer of a carb
Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose and fructose)
What are the disaccharides of carbs
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
What is disaccharide
Two monosaccharides combined
What are polysaccharides in carbs
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
What is starch
Energy stored in plants
What is glycogen
Energy storage in animals (liver and muscles)
What is cellulose
Structural support in plant cell walls; indigestible fiber in the human diet
Results in fat build up (cellulite)
What is the function of carbs
Primary source of quick energy
Structural role in plant cell walls
What is the monomer of proteins
Amino acids (20 types, linked by PEPTIDE BONDS)
What is the functions of enzymes in proteins
Catalyze biochemical reactions (lower activation energy)
What is the function of transport proteins in protein
Hemoglobin (oxygen transport), membrane channels
What is the function of structural proteins in protein
Collagen (connective tissue), keratin (hair and nails)
What is the immune response in proteins
Antibodies
What is the hormonal in protein
Insulin (regulates blood sugar levels)
What are the monomers of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is a triglyceride
Type of lipid
Energy storage (fats and oils)
What are phospholipids
Type of lipid
Major component of cells membranes
What are steroids
Type of lipid
Affects hormones (testosterone, estrogen) and cholesterol (membrane stability)
Saturated fats
No double bonds; solid at room temp (butter)
Unsaturated fats
One or more double bonds; liquid at room temperature (olive oil)
What are fats saturated with
Hydrogen
What is the function of lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulation and protection
Key components of cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)
What is the monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotides (phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)
What is DNA
Double stranded; stores genetic information
What is RNA
Single stranded; involved in protein synthesis
3 types → rRNA tRNA mRNA
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA
Adenine, Uracil, cytosine, guanine
What is the function of nucleic acids
Store and transmit genetic information (DNA)
Facilitates protein synthesis (mRNA tRNA rRNA)
What are the 4 macromolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is the purpose of Cellular respiration
To break down glucose and produce ATP
What is the equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O
What are the stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
What is the process of glycolosis
Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
What are the products of glycolosis
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Glycolosis is _______
Anaerobic
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the process of pyruvate oxidation
Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH
Where does Krebs cycle occur
Mitochondrial matrix
What is the process of Krebs cycle
Acetyl - CoA enters the cycle, produces CO2, ATP NADH
What are the products of the Krebs cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO
Where is the location of the ETC
Inner mitochondrial matrix
What is the process of ETC
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC creating a proton gradient
What is a primary care physician
A specialist trained to work in the front line of a healthcare system and provide care for any health issues
Medical history
A record of info about a patients past and current health
Chief compliant
The patients description of what they feel is their main health problem
Physical signs
Pieces of evidence that indicated an illness can be observed externally
Symptoms
Any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives
Homeostasis
The way the body sustains a stable internal environment
Pulse
Number of heartbeats in in one minute
Respiratory rate
Number of breaths taken per minute
Blood pressure
The force of blood moving through the blood vessels
Height
How tall one is
Weight
How much one weighs
BMI (body mass index)
A measure of body fat that is the ration of weights of the body to its height
Lung/breathing sounds
The sounds and clarity of breaths
Oxygen saturation
The amount of oxygen in the blood
Body temperature
The degree of heat of a body
White blood cells (WBC)
The 5 types of cells the body uses to fights injuries and infections
Hemocrit
The proportion of red blood cells in the blood
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to cells
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
Type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver
Carbs
Compounds
Primary source of energy
Lipids
Secondary source of energy
Protein
Last resort energy
Nucleic acids
Not an energy source
Carry instructions for producing proteins (amino acid chains)
What is the main sugar found in milk
Lactose
What are the macromolecules
Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the large biological molecules
Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
What are the 3 parts a nucleotide has
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen containing base
