Biomed blood macros and CR

What are the functions of blood

Transportation, regulation and protection

What does blood transport?

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products

What does blood regulate

Body temp, pH balance and fluid volume

What does blood protect against

Clotting and immune defense (white blood cells)

What are the components of blood

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

What is plasma

Formed of proteins, what blood flows in

What are red blood cells

Transports oxygen via hemoglobin

What is a hemoglobin

Protein that binds oxygen molecules

What are white blood cells

Immune defense

What is neutrophils (granulocytes)

First responder to infection

What is eosinophils (granulocytes)

Defend against parasites, involved in allergic responses

What is basophils (granulocytes)

Releases histamine during allergic reactions

What are lymphocytes (agranulocytes)

B-cells (produce antibodies)

T-cells (cell mediated immunity)

NK cells (kill virus infected cells)

What are monocytes (agranulocytes)

Differentiate into macrophages which engulf pathogens and debris

What are platelets

Small cell fragments

Essential for blood clotting (forms plugs for open wounds)

What is the ABO blood group system based on

The presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs

Type A blood

A antigen, anti-B antibodies

Type B blood

B antigen, anti A antibodies

Type AB blood

Both A and B antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient)

Type O blood

No antigens, both anti bodies (universal donor)

What is the monomer of a carb

Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose and fructose)

What are the disaccharides of carbs

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

What is disaccharide

Two monosaccharides combined

What are polysaccharides in carbs

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

What is starch

Energy stored in plants

What is glycogen

Energy storage in animals (liver and muscles)

What is cellulose

Structural support in plant cell walls; indigestible fiber in the human diet

Results in fat build up (cellulite)

What is the function of carbs

Primary source of quick energy

Structural role in plant cell walls

What is the monomer of proteins

Amino acids (20 types, linked by PEPTIDE BONDS)

What is the functions of enzymes in proteins

Catalyze biochemical reactions (lower activation energy)

What is the function of transport proteins in protein

Hemoglobin (oxygen transport), membrane channels

What is the function of structural proteins in protein

Collagen (connective tissue), keratin (hair and nails)

What is the immune response in proteins

Antibodies

What is the hormonal in protein

Insulin (regulates blood sugar levels)

What are the monomers of lipids

Glycerol and fatty acids

What is a triglyceride

Type of lipid

Energy storage (fats and oils)

What are phospholipids

Type of lipid

Major component of cells membranes

What are steroids

Type of lipid

Affects hormones (testosterone, estrogen) and cholesterol (membrane stability)

Saturated fats

No double bonds; solid at room temp (butter)

Unsaturated fats

One or more double bonds; liquid at room temperature (olive oil)

What are fats saturated with

Hydrogen

What is the function of lipids

Long term energy storage

Insulation and protection

Key components of cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleotides (phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)

What is DNA

Double stranded; stores genetic information

What is RNA

Single stranded; involved in protein synthesis

3 types → rRNA tRNA mRNA

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA

Adenine, Uracil, cytosine, guanine

What is the function of nucleic acids

Store and transmit genetic information (DNA)

Facilitates protein synthesis (mRNA tRNA rRNA)

What are the 4 macromolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

What is the purpose of Cellular respiration

To break down glucose and produce ATP

What is the equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O

What are the stages of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)

Where does glycolysis occur

Cytoplasm

What is the process of glycolosis

Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules

What are the products of glycolosis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Glycolosis is _______

Anaerobic

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

Mitochondrial matrix

What is the process of pyruvate oxidation

Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH

Where does Krebs cycle occur

Mitochondrial matrix

What is the process of Krebs cycle

Acetyl - CoA enters the cycle, produces CO2, ATP NADH

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO

Where is the location of the ETC

Inner mitochondrial matrix

What is the process of ETC

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC creating a proton gradient

What is a primary care physician

A specialist trained to work in the front line of a healthcare system and provide care for any health issues

Medical history

A record of info about a patients past and current health

Chief compliant

The patients description of what they feel is their main health problem

Physical signs

Pieces of evidence that indicated an illness can be observed externally

Symptoms

Any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives

Homeostasis

The way the body sustains a stable internal environment

Pulse

Number of heartbeats in in one minute

Respiratory rate

Number of breaths taken per minute

Blood pressure

The force of blood moving through the blood vessels

Height

How tall one is

Weight

How much one weighs

BMI (body mass index)

A measure of body fat that is the ration of weights of the body to its height

Lung/breathing sounds

The sounds and clarity of breaths

Oxygen saturation

The amount of oxygen in the blood

Body temperature

The degree of heat of a body

White blood cells (WBC)

The 5 types of cells the body uses to fights injuries and infections

Hemocrit

The proportion of red blood cells in the blood

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to cells

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

Type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood stream and transporting it to the liver

Carbs

Compounds

Primary source of energy

Lipids

Secondary source of energy

Protein

Last resort energy

Nucleic acids

Not an energy source

Carry instructions for producing proteins (amino acid chains)

What is the main sugar found in milk

Lactose

What are the macromolecules

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the large biological molecules

Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

What are the 3 parts a nucleotide has

5 carbon sugar

Phosphate group

Nitrogen containing base