immunity and blood composition

red blood cells are called

erythrocytes

white blood cells are called

leukocytes

what are platelets called

thrombocytes

where are blood cells made

in the bone marrow

life span RBC

120 days and get decomposed in the liver and are excreted as bile pigments

where are extra blood cells stored

in the SPleen

when a red blood cell matures, it gets

enucleated - nucleas is removed

this is to increase surface area so the blood cell can hold more hemoglobin

what does hemoglobin do

an iron containing protein which binds to oxygen

anemia

insufficient erythrocytes or hemoglobin defficiency

life span of leukocytes

5-20 days (lasting as long as infection)

what are white blood cells for

the immune system’s response systeje e

what are thrombocytes

platelets - fragments of cells that form bigger cells when cells in the bone marrow break apart (1 massive cell broken down into many smaller cells to form again when needed)

platelets

aid in blood clotting

how long do thrombocytes live for

2-8 days

blood composition percentages

55% plasma

1% white blood cells and platelets

44% red blood cells

fluid portion of blood

plasma

formed (solid) portions of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

what cells double when your body is fighting an infecion

white blood cells

functions of blood

• transport hormones (throughout the body), nutrients: vitamins and minerals, gases (between lungs and tissue), and wastes (from cells)

• blood clotting

• homeostatic regulation

how are blood clots formed

when blood vessel is broken, it sends substances (in the plasma) to attract platelets to the site. platelets circulating your blood rupture and release chemicals and combine with other blood components to make an enzyme called thromboplastic.

thromboplastin and prothombin (plasma protein) makes thrombin (enzyme)

thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin

what is fibrin

insoluble strands that form mesh around the damages area which traps blood cells.

what is homeostatic regulation

what the body does to maintain a consistent internal temperature

vasodilation

when the body’s internal environment gets too warm, the nervous system stimulates the blood vessels close to the skin to dilate (heat dissipates across skin)

the body cools itself and warms itself by

cools - sweating

warms - shivering

what is needed in making fibrin

Ca (calcium) is needed for thrombin composition

vasoconstriction

when blood vessels near the skin constrict to minimize heat dissipating across skin

blood can be shunted (redirected) from..

Artery to Vein, bypassing the capillaries. this is through small sphincters.

why can you shunt blood from artery to vein

to control the amount of blood through the body at any given time

ex. our blood moves to our tissue in arms and legs when working out, with more blood pumping in the arms and legs and less blood pumping in the digestive system

what is the lymphatic system for

network of vessels with glands (synthesize substances) and nodes (masses of tissue)

have 1 way valves like veins do

all nodes for fighting off diseases

red bone marrow

thymus

spleen

inguinal/axillary lymph nodes

thymus gland

site of t-cell maturation

spleen

stores red blood cells and contains monocytes

what are monocytes

cells that come before macrophages

red bone marrow

site of red and white blood cells and platelet production

axillary and inguinal lymph nodes

axillary - upper body

inguinal - lower body

fluid of lymphatic vessels

lymph - fluid that surrounds cells

lymph has an

end, unlike the circulatory system

functions of the lymphatic system

1. balance fluids in the body

2. transport products of fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream

3. help defend against pathogens (create the defense)

how does the lymphatic system balance fluids

• some blood plasma converts into lymph

• carry instersitital fluids to ducts that empty into large veins near the heart (to get cycled)

how does the lymphatic system defend against infection/pathogens

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes mature in lymph nodes

macrophages are also found in lymph nodes aswell brah

first line of defence

• skin

• vomitting/diarrhea

• mucus

• tears

• stomach acid

• cillia of the respiratory tract

• nose hairs

• eyelashes

physical first line of defence

• eyelashes

• cillia of the respiratory tract

• mucus (traps foreign particles)

• nose hairs

• skin - physical and chemical: perspiration is acidic and skin oils contain bacteriacides. also are made of a tough protein called keratin.

• tears - physical and chemical: washes away foreign particles and contain lysozyme

chemical first line of defences

stomach acids - low pH kills organisms

• skin - physical and chemical: perspiration is acidic (low pH kills organisms) and skin oils contain bacteriacides. also are made of a tough protein called keratin.

• tears - physical and chemical: washes away foreign particles and contain lysozyme

second line of defence

• inflamation

• fever

• macrophages

inflamation

non-phagocytic cells (white blood cells) arrive at the site of infection and release histamines

what do histamines do

make the blood vessels dilate and become more permeable (for more white blood cells an fluid). This results in redness, swelling, and pain.

fever

some white blood cells release chemicals that stimulate an increase in temperature to slow the growth of bacteria

macrophages

white blood cells that kill bacteria with phagocytosis - die after a bunch of phagocytosis and are visible as pus at the infection

the second line of defence is…

non specific, and cell mediated

the first line of defence is…

non-specific

after the macrophage dies,

it pushes the antigen of the pathogen up to its surface so it presents the antigen and shows that its dangerous. The t-cells recognize this and kill the macrophage - resulting in pus

antigens

marker molecules found on the surface of pathogens that identify what it is

what cam acy as antigens?

toxins or other substnces excreted

2 types of lymphocytes

T-cells

B-cells

how do lymphocytes recognize antigens

antigen receptors

types of t cells

1. helper t cells

2. killer t cells

3. suppressor t cells

4. memory t cells

helper t cells

recognize antigen from antigen-presenting macrophage and stimulate T-cell production and activates more macrophages. They release chemicals and bind to b-cells to provide information.

killer t cells

bind with infected cells and destroy them by puncturing holes in cell membranes

suppressor t cells

slow and suppress process of cellular immunity to stop the killer t cells from damaging healthy tissue

memory t cells

remain in the bloodstream to act quick

where do t cells mature

in the thymus gland

where do the b cells mature

in bone marrow

b cell full name

Bursa Lymphocytes

t cell full name

Thymus Lymphocytes

type of b cells

plasma cells and memory b cells

what do plasma cells do

release a bunch of antibodies into the blood stream

how are b cells awoken

once binded to a helper t cell, it enlarges and divides and produces memory b cells and plasma cells

what are antibodies

y shaped proteins that bind and recognize foreign particles and neutralize the pathogen.

active immunity

immunity from exposure to pathogen - body makes its own antibodies

passive immunity

immunity from recieving antibodies from another person/animal (like antivenom)

Antibodies can cross placenta during pregnancy and is present in breast milk.

what happens when you get the wrong type of blood

agglutination of the blood - clumping of the red blood cells. This happens when incompatible blood types are mixed and the antibodies bind to antigens on the incompatible blood.

what antigens and antibodies do b+ type blood have

B antigen and Rh antigen

A antibodies

what antibodies does O- blood have

no antigens

A and B antibodies (can develop Rh antibodies with exposure)

where are the antibodies in the blood

in the plasma

universal recipient

AB - no antibodies

universal donor

O - no antigens (wont trigger antibodies)

universal plasma donor

AB+ - no Rh antibodies and no A B antibodies

Rh positive people do not

produce anti-Rh antibodies

Rh negative people

produce anti-Rh antibodies WITH EXPOSURE (pregnancy or blood transfusion)