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Euhydration
Normal body water content within homeostatic range.
Dehydration
The process of dynamic loss of body water, e.g., the transition from euhydration to hypohydration.
Rehydration
The process of dynamic gain of body water through fluid intake, e.g., the transition from hypohydration to euhydration.
Hypohydration
A state of body water deficit.
Hyperhydration
A state of body water excess.
Total Body Water (TBW)
Approximately 50-70% of body mass, calculated as ~0.73 x fat free mass.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Hormone released by the posterior pituitary promoting water conservation by increasing plasma volume.
Aldosterone
Hormone released by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium reabsorption in kidneys to increase plasma volume.
Sweat Rate
Rate at which sweat is produced, approximately 1-2 L/h.
Hyponatremia
Low blood sodium that can occur from excessive water intake, leading to symptoms such as confusion and possible brain swelling.
Fluid Balance Control
Mechanisms that allow the body to retain or excrete body water, monitored by osmoreceptors and volume receptors.
Hypertonic Blood
Blood with relatively high concentrations of sodium, protein, or glucose which can draw water out of cells.
Gastric Emptying Factors
Factors influencing the rate at which the stomach empties its contents, including gastric volume and exercise intensity.
Urine Color as Hydration Indicator
Urine color can be used to assess hydration status, with darker urine indicating hypohydration.
Sodium's Role in Fluid Balance
Sodium controls water movement between fluid compartments and stimulates thirst to maintain proper hydration.
Fluid Loss During Exercise
Includes loss through sweat, urine, and respiration, critical to monitor for maintaining hydration.
Pelvic Fluid Volume
Refers to the total volume of fluid (water and electrolytes) in the body's compartments, affecting hydration status.
Rehydration Recommendations
After exercise, it is advised to replace 20-24 oz of fluid for every pound lost to restore hydration.
Monitoring Hydration Status
Methods include tracking urine color, body mass changes, and specific gravity to assess hydration levels.
Thirst Sensation Deferment
Thirst is often a poor indicator of hydration needs, typically arising only after significant body water loss.
Effects of Dehydration on Performance
Dehydration can impair heat removal, increase cardiovascular strain, and decrease cognitive functions.
Effects of Hyperhydration
Can lead to dilution of sodium concentration in blood and might result in cellular edema.
Hydration Assessment Before Exercise
Includes checking for thirst, urine color, and body mass changes to determine hydration needs.