Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, Petroleum Experiments, Electrochemistry

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, Petroleum Experiments, and Electrochemistry.

Qualitative Analysis

Involves identifying substances and their properties. Includes reactions to differentiate between different ions and compounds based on solubility, precipitation, and gas evolution.

Quantitative Analysis

Deals with measuring the quantity of a substance. Includes techniques for determining alkalinity and hardness of water.

Alkalinity of Water

The measure of water's ability to neutralize acids, often due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides. Can be estimated by neutralization titration.

Carbonate Hardness

Temporary hardness caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates which can be removed by boiling.

Non-Carbonate Hardness

Permanent hardness due to the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates.

Total Hardness

Sum of carbonate and non-carbonate hardness, representing the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water.

Petroleum Experiments

Experiments to determine properties of fuels and lubricants, such as calorific value, carbon residue, flash point, fire point, and viscosity.

Calorific Value

The quantity of heat released when one gram of fuel is burned completely.

Carbon Residue

The amount of carbon remaining after the evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, indicating its tendency to form coke or deposits.

Flash Point

The lowest temperature at which the vapors of a substance ignite momentarily when exposed to a flame.

Fire Point

The lowest temperature at which the vapors of a substance continue to burn for at least five seconds when exposed to a flame.

Viscosity

The resistance of a liquid to flow.

Electrochemistry

Deals with the relationship between electrical and chemical phenomena, including galvanic cells and corrosion.

Galvanic Cell

An electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions.

Anode

The electrode where oxidation occurs.

Cathode

The electrode where reduction occurs.

Corrosion

The degradation of a material due to chemical reactions with its environment.

Solution Properties

Includes colligative properties like vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.

Vant Hoff Factor

A measure of the effect of a solute on colligative properties, representing the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution.

Azeotropic Mixture

A liquid mixture that has the same composition in the vapor phase after distillation.

Osmosis

The net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

Reverse Osmosis

A process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a semipermeable membrane, separating it from solutes. Used to extract pure water from seawater.