OIA1003 VITAMINS & MINERALS

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40 Terms

1

Vitamins

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolism and essential biological functions.

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2

Minerals

Inorganic elements required for various physiological processes, including enzyme function and nerve conduction.

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3

Micronutrients

Essential nutrients needed in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals.

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4

Provitamins

Inactive precursors converted into active vitamins in the body (e.g., β-carotene → Vitamin A).

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5

Bioavailability

The rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body.

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6

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Active form: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Function: Energy metabolism, nerve impulse transmission

Deficiency: Beri-Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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7

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Active forms: FAD, FMN

Function: Oxidation-reduction reactions, energy production

Deficiency: Scaly dermatitis, cheilitis, glossitis

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8

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Active forms: NAD, NADP

Function: Energy metabolism, hyperlipidemia treatment

Deficiency: Pellagra (3 D’s: Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia)

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9

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Function: Coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis

Deficiency: Rare; may cause fatigue and irritability

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10

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Function: Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions

Deficiency: Dermatitis, glossitis, nausea, hair loss

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11

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Function: DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation

Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects (spina bifida, anencephaly)

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12

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Function: DNA synthesis, nerve function, metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids

Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders

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13

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Function: Amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis

Deficiency: Sideroblastic anemia, neuropathy, irritability

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14

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Function: Collagen synthesis, antioxidant, iron absorption

Deficiency: Scurvy (bleeding gums, easy bruising, poor wound healing)

Toxicity: Diarrhoea, kidney stone formation

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15

Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid)

Function: Vision (rhodopsin cycle), cell differentiation, immune function

Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis

Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis A (headache, liver damage, birth defects)

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16

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol)

Function: Calcium absorption, bone health

Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)

Toxicity: Hypercalcemia, kidney stones

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17

Vitamin E (Tocopherols, Tocotrienols)

Function: Antioxidant, protects cell membranes

Deficiency: Hemolytic anemia, neurological damage

Toxicity: Rare; may increase risk of bleeding

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18

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, Menaquinone)

Function: Blood clotting (activates clotting factors II, VII, IX, X)

Deficiency: Bleeding disorders (hypoprothrombinemia)

Toxicity: Rare; high doses may interfere with anticoagulant therapy

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19

Calcium (Ca)

Function: Bone health, muscle contraction, nerve transmission

Deficiency: Osteoporosis, muscle cramps

Toxicity: Hypercalcemia, kidney stones

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20

Phosphorus (P)

Function: Bone structure, ATP production, buffer system

Deficiency: Weak bones, muscle dysfunction

Toxicity: Hyperphosphatemia (kidney failure risk)

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21

Magnesium (Mg)

Function: Cofactor in >300 enzymatic reactions, muscle relaxation

Deficiency: Tremors, arrhythmia, muscle weakness

Toxicity: Diarrhoea, hypotension, cardiac arrest in severe cases

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22

Iron (Fe)

Function: Oxygen transport (hemoglobin, myoglobin), electron transport

Deficiency: Microcytic hypochromic anemia, fatigue, weakness

Toxicity: Hemochromatosis, iron overload (organ damage)

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23

Iodine (I)

Function: Thyroid hormone synthesis

Deficiency: Goitre, hypothyroidism, cretinism

Toxicity: Hyperthyroidism, thyroid dysfunction

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24

Zinc (Zn)

Function: Immune function, wound healing, enzyme cofactor

Deficiency: Growth retardation, hair loss, delayed wound healing

Toxicity: Impaired immune function, nausea

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25

Copper (Cu)

Function: Iron metabolism, antioxidant enzyme function

Deficiency: Anemia, neutropenia, bone demineralization

Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (copper accumulation in organs)

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26

Chromium (Cr)

Function: Enhances insulin action, carbohydrate metabolism

Deficiency: Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance

Toxicity: Liver and kidney damage (rare)

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27

Selenium (Se)

Function: Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase), thyroid hormone metabolism

Deficiency: Keshan disease (cardiomyopathy), weak immune system

Toxicity: Selenosis (nausea, hair loss, brittle nails)

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28

Energy Metabolism

B-complex vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B7) assist in ATP production.

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29

Bone Health

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium maintain bone structure.

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30

Antioxidant Protection

Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium neutralize free radicals.

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31

Blood Clotting

Vitamin K, Calcium essential for clot formation.

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32

Nerve Function

Magnesium, B1, B6, B12 maintain neural transmission.

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33

Thyroid Function

Iodine, Selenium regulate thyroid hormone synthesis.

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34

Red Blood Cell Formation

Iron, B9, B12 prevent anemia.

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35

Detoxification

Liver enzymes depend on copper, selenium, and zinc.

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36

Scurvy

Caused by vitamin C deficiency (bleeding gums, weak immunity).

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37

Rickets/Osteomalacia

Vitamin D deficiency leads to soft, weak bones.

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38

Beriberi & Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Thiamine (B1) deficiency, common in alcoholics.

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39

Pellagra

Niacin (B3) deficiency, symptoms include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.

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40

Hypervitaminosis A & D

Excessive vitamin A or D can lead to toxicity affecting organs.

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