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what is incidence rate
what is prevalence rate
what is relative risk factor
what is recurrence risk
the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer(s) in women
explain the terms nature and nurture
what is congenital malformation
name some common malformations
what is multifactorial disease
give an example of multifactorial disease
what is familial hypercholesterolemia
what is hypertension, its causes, and its risk factors
explain breast cancer
two major types of diabetes and their symptoms, onset, and cause
what is the most important risk factor of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
what is recurrence risk of type 1 diabetes
sickle cell anemia is as a result of recessive gene. explain briefly the chances of a person getting sickle cell anemia if both parents are heterozygous
explain the terms polygenic, multifactorial trait, and quantitative traits
what is obesity
what causes obesity and what is the risk factor of obesity
what are symptoms of Alzheimer disease
does Alzheimer disease have a genetic relation
what is alcoholism
is alcoholism a genetic disease
what is bipolar disorder
what is schizophrenia
what is polygenic trait
which type of diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent
explain the term multifactorial trait
what is a quantitative trait
individuals on the _____ end of the liability distribution curve have little chance of developing the disease in question
what is the action of angiotensin II that increases blood pressure
individuals who are closer to the _____ end of the liability distribution have more of the disease-causing genes and environmental factors and are at greater risk of developing the disease in question
studies have shown that offspring of an alcoholic parent when raised by nonalcoholic parents have a __ fold increased risk of developing alcoholism
recurrence risk becomes (higher/lower) if more than one family member is affected
if the expression of a disease in the proband is more severe, the recurrence risk is (higher/lower)
how are monozygotic twins formed
how are dizygotic twins formed
is it possible or impossible for dizygotic twins to have different fathers
risk of coronary heart disease (increases/decreases) if there are more affected relatives
an autosomal dominant disease caused by a reduction in the number of LDL receptors on cell surfaces is what type of genetic disease
if a woman has a first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk is _____
an autosomal dominant form of breast cancer has been linked to chromosomes ______ and ______
women with the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have what percentage range risk of developing cancer
list the 3 risk factors for colorectal cancer
which type of diabetes mellitus is insulin dependent
bipolar affective disorder is mostly caused by _______ with minimal environmental influence
proportion of the population affected by disease at a specific point in time is
incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor divided by the incidence rate of a disease among individuals not exposed to a risk factor is
list some factors that influence the risk of acquiring a disease
traits in which variations are thought to be caused by combined effects of multiple genes are
what is concordance
what is discordance
what are adoption studies
the genetic term for an individual with whom the pedigree begins is called
list some examples of multifactorial adult disorders
mutation of which genes increases the prevalence risk of Alzheimer’s
in familial hypercholesterolemia what is the serum cholesterol level in a homozygous individual
in familial hypercholesterolemia what is the serum cholesterol level in a heterozygous individual
colorectal cancer risk increases by ____ if one first-degree relative has colorectal cancer
list the most common complications of diabetes
in which type of diabetes do T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas
which type of diabetes is most common
type __ diabetes affects individuals by age 40, and type __ diabetes affects those older than 40
obesity incidence will be higher in monozygotic or dizygotic twins
following behaviors are associated with which disease
delusions, hallucinations, retreat from reality, bizarre/inappropriate behavior
schizophrenia risks and genetics
give a quantitative trait example
list recurrence risk rules
genetic defects/diseases that present at birth are called
what is a proband
traits such as height are a combined effect of multiple genes. this is called _______
which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by both genetic factors and lifestyle
the prevalence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific time period. is this statement true or false, explain why
in pyloric stenosis, males have a lower threshold in liability distribution than females, which means that males are _____ likely to exhibit pyloric stenosis
hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers are caused by complex genetic and environmental factors and can thus be considered ____________ diseases
neural tube defects (spina bifida) can be avoided in as many as 50-70% simply by dietary ____________ __________ supplementation
a low-fat and high-fiber diet is thought to increase the risk of colon cancer. is this statement true or false, explain why
the two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes are
obesity acts as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes by
how does obesity act as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus
the risk for developing Alzheimer disease ____________ in individuals who have an affected first-degree relative
an individual with a parent with schizophrenia has about _____ times higher risk of having symptoms than the general population
name some cancers that cluster strongly in families
because many diseases with a genetic component are multifactorial, __________ __________ can reduce risk significantly and should be the target of preventive medicine
what type of study is this
studies done involving children born to parents who have a disease but are then subsequently adopted by parents lacking the disease
studied for the recurrence of the disease
list the 6 common causes of hypertension
women with the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have what percentage range risk of developing cancer
__________ cancer is second only to lung cancer in risk in America
obesity is a substantial risk factor for which diseases
recurrence risk among the offspring of one affected parent with schizophrenia is ____ times higher than the general population
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