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Abbasid Caliphate
An Arab dynasty of caliphs governing much of the Islamic world from Baghdad since 750 C.E., which fragmented after 900 C.E. and was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258.
Seljuk Turkic Empire
Empire in Persia and Iraq in the 11th-12th centuries, established by Turkic-speaking pastoralists who adopted the Muslim title of sultan, marking a shift in Islamic history.
Ottoman Empire
Significant political force in the 15th century, created by Turkic warrior groups in Anatolia, expanding to encompass Anatolia, southeastern Europe, and parts of the Middle East and North Africa.
Delhi Sultanate
Founded in 1206, marked a systematic phase of Turkic rule in India, although their influence remained modest due to small numbers and internal conflicts.
Vijayanagar Empire
Hindu state in southern India resisting Muslim incursions, facilitating peaceful Hindu-Muslim encounters and cultural exchange, while fostering ongoing encounters between Hindu and Muslim cultures.
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