Hatshepsut

HSC Ancient History - Personality Study - Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut's Titles

King's sister, King's wife, and God's wife of Amun.

Purpose of 'lesser' wives

To make political connections and ensure a line of succession.

Phases of Hatshepsut's leadership

Regent, coregent, King.

Ineni

Egyptian nobleman who described Hatshepsut as an "excellent seed of the god".

Ineni's opinion of Egypt under Hatshepsut

Her reign was well maintained and Egypt was stable and safe.

Strengths and limitations of Ineni's account

Opinion may be biased, inscription may not have been written by him, written to gain favor.

Significance of Hatshepsut's claim to be the daughter of Amun

Solidified her right to rule.

Sites used by Hatshepsut to protect her right to reign

Inscriptions at her temple of Deir el-Bahri.

Reasons for Thutmose I declaring Hatshepsut as his successor

To ensure a strong queen and line of succession.

Importance of queens in the seventeenth and eighteenth dynasties

Power in the Cult of Amun, regency when Pharaoh was away or old.

Roles of queens in the seventeenth and eighteenth dynasties

King's Wife of Amun, Regent, Queen with power second to the king.

Limited evidence for the reign of Thutmose II

Short reign, minimal building programs, and minor conflicts.

Roles assumed by Hatshepsut in the early days as Thutmose II's queen

King's Daughter, King's Sister, God's Wife, King's Great Wife.

Deduction about Hatshepsut's role in the Dual Stele

She was only working as queen at the time.

Reasons for Nubian rebellion against Egypt

New and unproven dynasty, young or regent-assisted Pharaohs.

Hatshepsut's royal blood in comparison to Thutmose III

She had more royal blood in her veins.

Reasons for rushed burial and funeral preparation of Thutmose II

Unexpected death, lack of preparations.

Possible cause of Thutmose II's death

Attack or death in battle.

Evidence of Thutmose II's poor health before death

Weakness, short reign, disease.

Discovery of Hatshepsut's mummy and missing tooth

Two female mummies found, dental scans identified Hatshepsut.

Findings from tests on Hatshepsut's mummy

Obesity, bad teeth, death likely caused by carcinogenic skin lotion, bone cancer traces.

Hatshepsut's titles and changes to royal image

Personal name, throne name, Horus name, Nebty name, diadem name.

Major stages of Hatshepsut's leadership

Queen, regent, coregent/Pharaoh.

Number and royal names of Hatshepsut

5 names including Khnum-Amun Hatshepsut, Maat-ka-re, Wereret-Kau.

Implication of Sir Allan Gardiner's excerpt

Hatshepsut's assumption of Pharaoh role was slow and gradual.

Differences between early, middle, and late years of Hatshepsut's reign

Subordinate to Thutmose III, androgynous, fully masculinized.

Differences between male and female statutory depictions

Female subordinate, male superior and larger.

Evolution of Hatshepsut's royal image according to Roland Tefnin

Feminine, androgynous, masculine phases.

Analysis of statues as primary evidence for royal image

Different features and regalia depicted.

Claims of Alan Gardiner and J.A

She led no military exploits.

Modern interpretations of Hatshepsut's military career

Active defense in Nubia and Syria-Palestine.

Types of evidence for Hatshepsut's military campaigns

Inscriptions, graffito, rock inscription, stela.

Conclusion about Hatshepsut's military activities

Focused on active defense rather than reactive offense.

Hatshepsut's Foreign Policy

Mainly focused on diplomatic ties and avoiding conflict through defense rather than offense and trading.

Trading Expedition to Punt

The most significant trading expedition that aimed to create ties between Egypt and Punt.

Expedition to Punt

Ships set sail from Egypt, arrived in Punt, and were greeted by a royal procession. Successful trading occurred, and the ships returned to Egypt with foreign goods.

Most Important Event in the Punt Expedition

The successful arrival and greeting of the ships in Punt, signifying building ties, a royal connection, and successful trading.

Reasons for Establishing a Strong Building Program

To prove Egypt's stability and prosperity, honor the gods, and highlight her achievements as a religious leader and ruler.

Important Building Efforts during Hatshepsut's Reign

Deir el-Bahri, Temple at Karnak, Beni Hasan, and her tombs.

Architectural Innovations at Deir el-Bahri

Ramps, a new hall for light, a rock platform to minimize damage, and unique religious decorations.

Connection between Building Programs and Religion

Hatshepsut's building programs all have religious symbols and decorations, showcasing her connection to Amun and religion.

Szafranski's Highlighted Innovations in Hatshepsut's Design

Her design and aesthetic choices, based on his authority as the Director of the Excavation program at Deir el-Bahri.

Significance of Deir el-Bahri to Hatshepsut's Reign

Having a significant temple at Deir el-Bahri solidified her connection with the gods, the afterlife, and her status as Pharaoh.

Significance of the Red Chapel

It depicted Hatshepsut's coronation and significant festivals she hosted.

Significance of the Speos Artemidos Temple

It featured depictions of gods other than Amun, appealing to people across Egypt who may not have been familiar with Amun.

Description of Hatshepsut's Tombs

Her tomb for Thutmose II's wife had a corridor, chambers, a hall, and a burial chamber. Her tomb as Pharaoh had four connecting passages leading to a burial chamber, one of the longest and deepest of royal tombs.

Hatshepsut's Interest in Developing New Religious Ideas about Amun's Role

To solidify her position and right to power by manipulating the ideas surrounding Amun.

New Religious Concepts of Amun-Re during Hatshepsut's Reign

Extra importance placed on divine oracles, developing the concept of personal piety. Standardization of the Book of the Dead for funerary practices across Egypt.

Political and Religious Implications of Oracles in Hatshepsut's Reign

Increased personal piety and gods' blessings, especially in death and funerary customs.

Contribution of Hatshepsut's Divine Birth and Coronation Inscriptions to the Ideology of Egyptian Kingship

Links to previous pharaohs and gods, solidification of the concept of divine birth.

Contribution of Reliefs and Inscriptions of the Hathor Chapel from Deir el-Bahri to the Ideology of Egyptian Kingship

Links to previous pharaohs and divine birth.

Purpose of Egyptian Religious Festivals

To honor the gods, nature, and participate in rituals.

Significance of Hatshepsut Establishing Two New Festivals

Created a legacy celebrated for centuries, allowed gods to visit all people in Egypt, and promoted her new building programs.

Hatshepsut's Contribution to the Development of Funerary Customs

Standardized the Book of the Dead across Egypt and introduced festivals where idols of gods would visit grave sites.

Definition of Demnatio Memoriae

Condemnation of memory, the exclusion of a person from the official record.

Time of Thutmose III's Destruction of Hatshepsut's Monuments according to Charles Nims

After 20-40 years, as an act of vengeance.

Examples of Thutmose III's Destruction of Hatshepsut's Monuments

Most masculine depictions of her.

Possible Motivations for the Destruction

Avoiding emasculation by history, anger, or vengeance.

Traditional Interpretation of Hatshepsut

Illegitimacy, evil stepmother, lack of military exploits, reliance on officials, excessive propaganda, hatred from Thutmose III.

Revisionist Interpretation of Hatshepsut

Legitimate claim to the throne, coregency with Thutmose III, military exploits, building programs, common use of advisors, common use of propaganda, lack of evidence for murder or assassination, defacing of monuments occurring years after her death.

Immediate Consequences of Hatshepsut's Policies/Actions

Building programs, ideology of kingship, campaigns, festivals, role of "God's Wife of Amun," standardized texts, prosperity, economic prosperity.

Influence of Hatshepsut on Maintaining, Changing, or Shaping Structures of NKE

Building programs, ideology of kingship, campaign to Punt, festivals, role of "God's Wife of Amun," standardized texts, prosperity, economic prosperity, maintained warrior pharaoh image.

Military Campaigns

Redford argues that there were 5 military campaigns during Hatshepsut's reign, 2 of which she led herself.

Sphinx

Hatshepsut is depicted as a sphinx trampling the enemy, suggesting her war-like nature.

Campaigns against S-P

Evidence suggests that Hatshepsut conducted campaigns against S-P, as indicated by an inscription at the tomb of scribe Djehuty.

Success in their own context

Hatshepsut's success should be evaluated within the context of her time.

Suppressed rebellions

Hatshepsut maintained the empire by suppressing rebellions.

Building programs

Hatshepsut undertook extensive building programs.

Relationship with Amun

Hatshepsut had a close religious relationship with Amun, as depicted in the temple.

Ideology of kingship

Hatshepsut's reign reflected a specific ideology of kingship.

Expedition to Punt

Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt was a significant achievement.

Traditionalist

The extent to which Hatshepsut was a traditionalist is a topic of debate.

Regalia of Kingship

Hatshepsut emphasized her kingship through male statues and the emphasis on ka.

Legacy

Hatshepsut's influence and legacy are discussed in relation to ideology, economy, and building programs.

Speos Artemidos Inscription

A source that provides information on Hatshepsut's legacy and success in various aspects.

Religion

Hatshepsut's devotion to religion is highlighted in her building programs and relationship with Amun.

Economy

Hatshepsut's reign contributed to the growth of the economy.

Who created the source

The source was created by Hatshepsut.

Reliability, Usefulness, and Validity

Assessing the trustworthiness, relevance, and accuracy of the source.