psych

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called

Psychology

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

Explanation

In an experiment

the variable that is manipulated is called the

Maria wants to test whether exercising improves memory retention. She splits participants into two groups

one exercises and one does not

A psychologist predicts that individuals who practice mindfulness daily will have lower stress levels. Which goal of psychology is being applied?

Prediction

A psychologist is studying how cultural norms influence behavior. What psychological perspective is she most likely using?

Sociocultural perspective

Which research method involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference?

Naturalistic observation

In a study

participants are unaware whether they are receiving the real treatment or a placebo

John is conducting a case study on a patient with a rare psychological disorder. What is a key advantage of using a case study?

It provides detailed information about an individual

Dr. Smith observes that participants are answering questions in a way that makes them look good

rather than answering honestly. What kind of bias is this?

Which type of neuron sends signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord?

Sensory neuron

What part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons or muscles?

Axon

What is the gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another called?

Synapse

A patient with multiple sclerosis experiences slower neural transmission. This is likely due to damage to which part of the neuron?

Myelin sheath

Afferent neurons are responsible for

Transmitting sensory information to the brain

The autonomic nervous system controls

Involuntary bodily functions

The sympathetic nervous system is activated when

You face a stressful situation

Which neurotransmitter is involved in controlling movement and is associated with Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

While riding her bike

Jenny relies on a type of memory that allows her to perform the task without conscious thought. What kind of memory is this?

The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt following injury is known as

Neuroplasticity

What is the first step in the memory process?

Encoding

Information in sensory memory lasts for

A fraction of a second to a few seconds

Short-term memory can typically hold

About 7 items

Which technique involves organizing information into meaningful units to improve short-term memory capacity?

Chunking

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model suggests that memories move from sensory memory to short-term memory and then to

long term memory

In Sperling's experiment

participants could report only 4 letters from a larger group shown for a fraction of a second. This was due to the limitations of

How long can information remain in short-term memory without rehearsal?

30 seconds or less

Maria studied for a test by organizing the information into meaningful categories. This helped her remember the material during the test. What memory strategy did Maria use?

Organization

During an exam

Ben is able to recall the names of several theorists

Which theory suggests that forgetting occurs because unused memories fade over time?

Decay theory

Amanda studies for an exam in her quiet room at home. On exam day she notices she remembers information better when the exam room is similarly quiet. What memory concept is Amanda experiencing?

organization During an exam

Tim is trying to recall a friend’s phone number. He breaks the number into groups of three and four digits making it easier to remember. What memory strategy is Tim using?

chunking

At a family gathering Sara suddenly remembers a funny story about a trip she took years ago when she hears a song that was popular during that time. This is an example of

episodic memory

Tom studied for an exam while feeling very anxious. When he takes the test he finds that he recalls information better when he is similarly anxious. What type of memory retrieval is Tom experiencing?

 State-dependent memory

After learning to play the piano at a young age Annie hasn’t played in years. When she sits down at the pianoshe can still play several pieces without much effort. Which type of memory is responsible for this?,

Procedural memory

Jane recalls vivid details about where she was and what she was doing when she heard about a major world event. This type of vivid memory is referred to as

Flashbulb memory

Mark is learning a new language and uses images to help him remember vocabulary words. He creates a mental image of a "duck in a can" to remember that the French word for "duck" is canard. What memory technique is Mark using?

Mnemonics

A student learns a list of words underwater and then recalls them better when underwater than on land. What memory concept does this scenario illustrate?

Context-dependent memory

James learned French in high school and is now learning Spanish. He finds that sometimes the French words interfere with his ability to learn the Spanish words. What type of interference is James experiencing?

Proactive interference

Lisa is trying to remember a shopping list. She finds that she easily remembers the first few items and the last few items on the list but has trouble recalling the middle items. What memory phenomenon is Lisa experiencing?

Serial position effect

A person who suffers from anterograde amnesia would likely experience difficulty with

Forming new long-term memories

Lucy is learning a new language and she uses the keyword method by linking each foreign word to a familiar word in her native language that sounds similar. Which memory strategy is Lucy using?

Mnemonics

John recalls details about his 10th birthday party such as the cake and the games he played. This type of memory is referred to as

Episodic memory

While playing a trivia game Sophia correctly recognizes the name of a famous psychologist when she sees it listed as one of the answer choices. What type of memory retrieval is Sophia using?

recognition

David is trying to remember his grocery list but accidentally keeps mixing it up with the list he used last week. What memory concept is he experiencing?

Proactive interference

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is known as

Consolidation

The idea that long-term memories may become distorted over time

based on current knowledge or beliefs

Which structure in the brain is critical for the formation of new long-term memories?

Hippocampus

Information stored in long-term memory is often encoded based on its

Meaning (semantic form)

Remembering to perform an action in the future

such as taking medication at a specific time

Mark is able to vividly recall the details of a traumatic car accident that occurred years ago. His vivid memory is most likely what type of memory?

Flashbulb memory

While preparing for a speech Rachel reads her notes repeatedly but does not engage in any other memory strategies. What type of rehearsal is Rachel using

Rote rehearsal

Jeremy learned to ride a bike as a child. Years later even though he hasn’t ridden in a while he is able to get on a bike and ride with ease.What type of memory is this?,

Procedural memory

Sarah forgot to attend her dentist appointment even though she had written it down in her calendar. What type of memory failure is Sarah experiencing?

Prospective memory failure

Adam is preparing for a test by organizing his notes into categories

allowing him to better remember the material. Which memory strategy is he using?

Susan vividly remembers where she was and what she was doing when she heard about a major news event such as the 9/11 attacks. This type of memory is best described as

flashbulb. memory

During an argument Jacob mistakenly remembers details about a conversation that never actually occurred. What type of memory issue is Jacob experiencing?

Procedural memory

Laura struggles to recall new information she learned because her previous knowledge of similar topics is interfering. What type of interference is this?

Proactive interference

During a lecture Claire listens attentively and takes detailed notes. This initial stage of creating a memory is known a

encoding

After memorizing a list of words Claire listens attentively and takes detailed notes. This initial stage of creating a memory is known as

 Serial position effect

Peter is learning a new language and groups words with similar meanings together to make them easier to remember. What memory strategy is Peter using?

Organization

A participant in a memory experiment is asked to recall a list of words they learned 24 hours ago. The participant finds it difficult to remember the words. This likely reflects a failure in which stage of memory?

Retrieval

A scuba diver memorizes a list of words underwater and finds it easier to recall them when he is underwater again

rather than on land. This is an example of

A psychology professor notices that students perform better on the first and last questions of an exam compared to the middle ones. This pattern is an example of

Serial position effect

A person who is unable to remember anything that happened before a traumatic head injury is likely experiencing

Retrograde amnesia

Sarah uses the "method of loci" to memorize her grocery list by mentally placing each item in a specific location in her house. What type of memory strategy is this?

Mnemonics

decay theory

Which theory suggests that forgetting occurs because unused memories fade over time?

68. A police officer asks witnesses to recall the details of a crime scene. One witness confidently remembers seeing a red car even though the suspect was driving a blue car. This error is an example of

 Memory distortion

69. A student crams for a test the night before and finds that she forgets much of the material the next day. Which principle of effective studying could have prevented this?

Spacing effect

70. After learning a new phone number

Sarah keeps repeating it to herself until she has a chance to write it down. What memory process is Sarah using to keep the number in her short-term memory?

Psychology

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Description

Make notes about behaviors or situations observed

Explanation

Requires understanding of conditions and causes of behavior

Prediction

Specify conditions under which a behavior or event is likely to occur

Influence

Apply psychological principles to prevent unwanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes

Theory

A general principle or set of principles to explain the relationship between facts

Basic research

Seeks new knowledge and explores general scientific understanding

Applied research

Solves practical problems and improves quality of life

Naturalistic observation

Observe and record behavior in its natural setting without control

Laboratory observation

Observation in a controlled environment with precise measurements

Case study method

Study one or a few participants in-depth over an extended period

Survey research

Use interviews or questionnaires to obtain information about attitudes

Population

The entire group of interest in a study

Sample

A portion of the population that is studied

Representative sample

A sample that includes subgroups in the same proportion as in the population

Correlational method

Establishes a relationship between two characteristics or behaviors but cannot determine cause

Positive correlation

Both variables increase or decrease together

Negative correlation

One variable increases while the other decreases

Experimental method

The only research method that can establish cause-effect relationships

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment

Experimental group

The group exposed to the independent variable in an experiment

Control group

The group that is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group but does not receive the independent variable

Selection bias

Systematic differences among groups that can affect the outcome of an experiment

Random assignment

Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance

Placebo effect

A change in a participant's behavior due to their expectations rather than the treatment itself

Placebo

An inert substance given to the control group to mimic the treatment

Experimenter bias

Preconceived expectations that influence the interpretation of results or participants' behavior

Double-blind technique

Neither the participants nor the experimenter know who is in the treatment or control group

Reliability

Consistency of a test's results