PLTW HBS go with the flow updated

Arteries

Arteries are high-pressure, elastic, and muscular blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary arteries) away from the heart to tissues. Arteries are thick

Capillaries

Capillaries are the body's smallest blood vessels (5-10 m diameter), connecting arterioles to venules. They function as the primary site for exchanging H20, O, CO2, waste, etc. (Gas exchange)

Veins

Veins are low-pressure blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins) and hold roughly 70% of the body's blood volume. they utilize one-way valves to prevent backflow. Types include deep (muscle-adjacent), superficial (near skin), and connecting perforating veins.

Direction of blood flow throughout body

Aorta (o2)→ Arteries (o2)→ Arterioles(o2)→ Capillaries (picks up CO2)→ venioles (deoxy)→ veins(deoxy) → Body → Vena Cava (deoxy) → RA → Tricuspid Valve → RV → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs (gets O₂) → Pulmonary Veins → LA → Mitral Valve → LV → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body (oxy)

the ____ coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle

left

the _________ artery branches of the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart

left anterior descending

the ______ artery branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart muscle, supplying blood to the outer side and back of the heart

left circumflex

the ___ coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, right atrium, and SA and AV nodes, which regulate heart rhythm

right

the hole that blood travels through is the

lumen

what type of tissue makes up the tunica media

smooth muscle cells

why do capillary walls only have one layer (tunica)

to minimize the distance for diffusion

Arteries of the upper trunk/Limb

axillary artery, radial artery, ulnar artery, brachial artery, subclavian artery

Arteries of the lower trunk/limb

descending aorta, popliteal artery, femoral artery, iliac artery

Pulse

the rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction

What is the avg adult resting heart rate

60-100 bpm

Location of carotid pulse

side of neck

Location of brachial pulse

antecubital region

popliteal pulse location

behind knee

location of dorsalis pedis pulse

middle of foot

location of temporal pulse

Infront of ear and above cheek

location of radial pulse

in groove between wrist and bone (thumb side of wrist)

location of posterior tibial pulse

inner side of ankle

the volume of blood leaving the heart per beat

cardiac output

the volume of blood leaving your heart per minute

stroke volume

true or false, dehydration decreases cardiac output

true

what are some possible consequences of low cardiac output

sever hypotension, metabolic acidosis, confusion, kidney damage

blood pressure is the ___ of blood as sit presses against the sides of the vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

force

systolic pressure

pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts, and is written on the top

diastolic pressure

pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest and is written on the bottom

normal blood pressure

systolic- less than 120

diastolic- less than 80

elevated (prehypertension)

systolic- 120-129

diastolic-less than 80

hypertension stage 1

systolic- 130-139

diastolic- 80-84

hypertension stage 2

systolic- 140 or higher

diastolic-90 or higher

Hypertensive crisis (emergency care needed)

systolic- higher than 180

diastolic-higher than 120

Organs apart of the upper respiratory system

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

Organs apart of the lower respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

The ____ zone is the passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs

Conducting

The ___ zone is deep within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries

respiratory

Pharynx and trachea

The pharynx acts as a shared passageway for air and food, directing air from the nose/mouth to the larynx. The trachea (windpipe) serves as the primary airway to the lungs, using cartilage rings to stay open and cilia to filter, warm, and transport mucus-trapped debris out of the airway

larynx

protecting the lower airway from aspiration by closing the epiglottis during swallowing, acting as an open air passage for breathing, and producing sound via the vocal cords for phonation. It also triggers the cough reflex

bronchi and bronchioles

distribute the air throughout the lungs until reaching the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

aveoli

facilitate the diffusion of inhaled oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood for exhalation

Diaphragm

contracting and flattening to expand the chest cavity, lowering pressure to pull air into the lungs (inhalation

EKG explained

P wave- sa node fires when atria are full of blood, causing them to depolarize (atria depolarize)

P-Q segment

signal travels from sa to av nodes

QRS complex-

marks firing of av nodes. ventricular depolarization occurs, alongside atrial repolarization, but it is masked by large QRS complex.

ST segment

ventricles contract and pump blood

T wave

ventricular repolarization followed by ventricular relaxation

what does an ekg do?

provide info on heart conditions

irregular heart beats

arrhythmia

Slow heart beat

bradychardia

fast heart beat

tachycardia

Devices that assist heart conditions

AED- analyzes the heart's rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest and, if necessary, delivers an electrical shock (defibrillation) to stop chaotic, non-functional activity

Pacemaker- regulates the heart's rhythm by sending tiny, painless electrical impulses to the heart muscle, forcing it to contract and pump blood

Resting membrane potential

representing the stable phase 4 of the cardiac action potential.

Repolarize

the critical physiological process where cardiac muscle cells (myocytes) return to their resting, negatively charged electrical state after a contraction

depolarize

the process where cardiac muscle cells receive an electrical signal, causing the inside of the cells to become positively charged and triggering muscle contraction

This artery does not directly supply the heart with blood

carotid artery

Blood vessels that are involved in blood flow either to or from the brain include

Carotid artery and varicose vein

Cardiac Muscle

are striated, have involuntary movement, and have many mitochondria

pressure in the arterial walls when the ventricles are contracting is called

high blood pressure

instrument used to measure arterial blood pressure

sphygmomanometer

a physician who specializes in the respiratory system from trachea to lung is a

pulmonologist

the lungs are housed in the ____ cavity

thoracic

the movemennt of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called

diffusion

Pulmonary fibrosis

a chronic, progressive lung disease where deep lung tissue becomes thick, stiff, and scarred, severely limiting oxygen transfer to the bloodstream

blood vessels that are involved in blood either to or from the brain include the

jugular vein and carotid artery

condition caused by increased blood pressure and weakened blood vessel wavles; leads to swelling in extremities

varicose veins

These factors will cause an increase in blood pressure

High lvls of cholesterol, LDL's, Being overweight

A client of yours has a blood pressure reading of 140/90 you client has ____

Hypertension

These factors can cause Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

smoking, plaques reducing blood flow to extremities, eating foods high in saturated fats

Left arm-115

0.52

An Ankle brachial index (ABI) above ____ is considered normal

0.90

P wave

represents the depolarization of both atria

QRS complex

combination showing ventricular deoplarization

T wave

represents the repolarization of both ventricles

SA node

generates signal that triggers the heart beat

The vessels returning from the lungs with oxygenated blood are the

pulmonary veins

oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle throug hte aorta and beyond via the

systemic loop

lung tissue structure

• rings of cartilage cover the front 2/3rds of the trachea to allow for the movemnt of food through the esophagus

the lungs are housed in the ___ cavity

thoracic

4 symptoms a child with asthma may have

wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness

tidal volume

volume of air taken in a normal breath

vital copacity

volume of air from a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalation

residual volume

volume of air that always remains in the lungs

total lung capacity

vital capacity and residual volume

pulmonary circulation

the right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood into its atrium and then passes it into the ventricle. The right ventricle then pushes the blood to the lungs, wehre the CO2 is dropped off and O2 is picked up.

Why do think arteries, veins and nerves are always oriented next to each

the proximity of componetnts of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is efficent, and nervous and muscular tissues require a lot of energy and removal of wastes from their metabolic processes

thinking about function, explain why the left ventricle is much more muscular than the right ventricle. which artery is amde of thicker muscle, the aorta or the pulmonary artery, and why?

the left ventricle must supply blood to the entire body, the right ventricle only needs to supply blood to the lungs. the aorta is made of thicker muscle than the pulmonary arteries becasue of thedistance the blood must travel and the high blood pressure that requires .

why arent there varicose arteries

arteries cannot be caricosse because arterial walls contain al ayer of thick muscle, and arteries do not have valves

when a person has bradycardia how does this affect their cardiac output and the ability oftheir body to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

low heart rate results in decreased cardiac output. this means the persons body has less ability to circulate blood to various tissues, resulting in a slower delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

pulmonary loop

the right side of the heart picks up the oxygen poor blood from the body and moves it to the lungs for cleaning andr e oxygenating

pulmonary arteries

transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

pulmonary veins

transports oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

systemic loop

once the blood is reoxygenated the left side fo the heart moves the blood throughout the body, providing oxygen where its is needed