NCLEX Study Set

cushings disease cause

excess adrenal cortisol

cushings symptoms

moon face, truncal obesity, buffalo hump, muscle atrophy, thin, dry, pale skin, hirsutism

cushings lab values

hyperglyemia, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia

cushings recommended diet

low sodium and low carbs

addison’s disease causes

decreased cortisol production

addisons symptoms

weight loss, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, LOSS OF BODY HAIR, HYPERPIGMENTATION

addison’s disease diet

high sodium, high carbs, low potassium

hyperthyroid symptoms

goiter, exophthalmos, weight loss, diarrhea, tachycardia, bruit over thyroid

hyperthyroid diet

high protein, high calorie, low caffeine, low fiber

hypothyroid symptoms

weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance

hypothyroid treatment

levothyroxine (taken on empty stomach)

hypothyroid crisis

myxedema coma

SIADH patho

water is reabsorbed in excess by the kidneys and put into systemic circulation leading to dilutional hyponatremia.

SIADH symptoms

water retention, decreased urine output, hyponatremia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion

SIADH interventions

fluid restriction, monitoring electrolytes, and administering diuretics if necessary

diabetes insipidus patho

disorder of the posterior pituitary gland in which water loss is caused by a deficiency in vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), leading to excessive urination and thirst

diabetes insipidus medication

desmopressin

myasthenia gravis medication

pyridostimine or neostigmine

short acting insulin meds

lispro, aspart, and glulisine

intermediate insulin meds

regular, humalin (NPH)

long acting insuling meds

glargine and detemir

onset for short acting insulin

15 - 30 minutes

onset for intermediate insulin

1 - 2 hours

onset for long acting insulin

2 - 4 hours

stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

hemoglobin to hematocrit ratio

1 to 3

hemoconcentrated

too much hemoglobin to hematocrit

hemodiluted

too much hematocrit (water) to hemoglobin

labs test for heparin

PTT

lab tests for warfarin

INR

how are calcium and mag related

evenhow

how are calcium and phosphorus related

opposite

nurse negligence

failure to provide adequate care that results in patient harm

nurse malpractice

has to result in injury or harm to the patient

living will

a legal document that states a person's wishes regarding medical treatment in case they become unable to communicate their preferences

durable power of attorney

a legal document that designates another person to make healthcare decisions on behalf of someone who is incapacitated

restraint protocol

only used as a last resort, need order every 24 hours and must be continuously monitored to ensure the safety and dignity of the patient

five rights of delegation

task, circumstance, person, direction, communication

lateral violence

occurs among colleagues

bullying

acts perpetrated by one in a higher level of authority to someone lower

medication for malignant hyperthermia

dantrolene is a muscle relaxant used to treat malignant hyperthermia, a life-threatening condition triggered by certain anesthetics

PQRSTU pain assessment

precipitating or palliative, quality, relief, region, severity, timing, effect on client

isotonic fluids

same osmolarity of the body (0.9% NS, LR)

hypotonic fluids

HIPPO, move water into the cells causing them to swell and treat DEHYDRATION (0.45% NS)

hypertonic fluids

water moves out of the cells, causing them to shrink, EDEMA (D10 3% saline, D5)

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture that bends to bone without breaking it all the way

spiral fracture

break spiral around the bone due to twisting or rotational force

compound fracture

bone break is protruding through the skin

comminuted fracture

a type of bone fracture where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces

avulsion fracture

bone is pulled away from tendon or ligament

positive induration for TB test

15 mm

positive induration for HIV

5 mm

acetaminophen overdose

acetylcysteine

sodium is responsible for

skeletal contraction, cardiac contraction, and maintaining fluid balance

hyponatremia causes

diuretics, GI fluid loss, diaphoresis

hyponatremia symptoms

muscle cramps, confusion, weakness

foods high in sodium

cheese, salt, seafood, processed meats, canned foods, ketchp

hypernatremia causes

water deprivation, diabetes insipidus, renal failure, cushings syndrome

hypernatremia signs and symptoms

thirst, thick mucus, low urinary output, agitation, restlessness

potassium is responsible for

depolarizes and generates action potentials in nerve and muscle cells

hypokalemia causes

diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, cushings

hypokalemia symptoms

flat T wave, anorexia, muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, and arrythmias

foods high in potassium

CATALOUPE, LEAFY GREENS, ORANGES, APRICOTS, bananas, legumes

hyperkalemia causes

oliguria, acidosis, renal failure, addisons

hyperkalemia symptoms

peaked T wave, bradycardia, muscle weakness, tiredness, nausea, palpitations, and arrythmias

treatment for hyperkalemia

regular isulin, and dextrose

calcium is responsible for

muscle contraction and nerve function, bone strength, and blood coagulation

hypocalcemia causes

renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, magnesium deficiency

hypocalcemia symptoms

trousseau’s signs (blood pressure and muscle twitching), Chvostek's sign (facial muscle twitching), numbness, and tingling

hypercalcemia causes

hyperparathyroidism, cancer, excessive vitamin D intake, thiazide diuretics

hypercalcemia symptoms

muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, constipation, diminished reflexes, and bone pain, MORE AT RISK FOR KIDNEY STONES

magnesium is used for

skeletal muscle contraction, carbohydrate metabolism, ATP formation, and enzyme function in the body.

hypomagnesium causes

alcoholism, MALABSORPTION, DKA, diuretic use

hypomagnesium symptoms

muscle weakness, HYPERACTIVE DEEP TENDON REFLEXES, numbness, tingling, and cardiac arrhythmias

hypermagnesium causes

renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excess intake of magnesium supplements or medications

hypermagnesium symptoms

bradycardia, hypotension, peripheral vasodilation, prolonged PR interval, absent deep tendon reflexes

signs and symptoms of IBS

diffuse abdominal pain unrelated to meals or activity and with alternating consitpation and diarrhea

Koplik’s spots

small, blue-white spots with a red base found on the buccal mucosat are related to measles infection

nephrotic syndrome symptoms

characterized by high proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia and abdominal pain

obtunded

the patient has limited interaction with the environment unless aroused and may be difficult to awaken

Von Wildenbrand Disease

a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in von Willebrand factor, leading to an increased tendency to bleed

left sided heart issue symtpoms

include shortness of breath, fatigue, and pulmonary congestion

right sided heart issue symptoms

include edema, jugular venous distension, and ascites

trimaterene

a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema; SE hyperlalemia

water intoxication related to oxytocin

tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, shortness of breath, n/v

venous congestion is most noted in

vulva, rectum, legs

stages of lyme disease

1: rash, 2: cardiac and neurologic dysfunction, 3: arthritic pains

Battle’s sign in head injury

a bruise behind the ear and raccoon eyes

Kernig’s sign

involuntary resistance to leg extension when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee while lying down, indicating meningeal irritation.

Homan’s sign

a test for deep vein thrombosis characterized by pain or discomfort in the calf when the foot is dorsiflexed.

Brudzinski’s sign

involuntary lifting of the legs when the neck is flexed while lying down, indicating meningeal irritation

hemolytic disease

destruction of red blood cells

potassium sparing diuretic med examples

trimaterene, spironalactone, hydrochlorthiazide

impotence

inability to achieve or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual performance

cholinergic crisis

overmedication (give atropine)

myasthenic crisis

undermedication

ITP definition

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura, a bleeding disorder characterized by a low platelet count due to the immune system destroying platelets

chorea

a movement disorder characterized by brief, irregular, unintentional movements

epoetin alfa

stimulates the production of red blood cells and should be taken with iron (used for the treatment of anemia)