JMC-1013 Final Exam

The importance of the Pentagon Papers case regarding press freedom

The Pentagon Papers case highlighted the role of the press in holding the government accountable and reinforced the principle of freedom of the press under the First Amendment.

The two tests of press freedom

The two tests of press freedom are the 'clear and present danger' test and the 'incitement' test, which assess when speech can be limited.

The 3 amendments that work together for U.S. freedom of speech

The First Amendment (freedom of speech), the Fourth Amendment (protection against unreasonable searches), and the Fourteenth Amendment (due process) work together to protect freedom of speech in the U.S.

How the World Wars affected book readership

The World Wars increased book readership as people sought information and entertainment during times of uncertainty and upheaval.

The pros and cons of digital e-publishing for books

Pros include wider distribution and lower costs, while cons include issues with copyright, quality control, and the potential for reduced sales of physical books.

Why book sales increased after 1996 and again after 2007?

Book sales increased due to the rise of the internet and e-commerce, making books more accessible, and the popularity of e-readers and digital formats.

Muckraking examples from book and magazine writers

Muckraking refers to investigative journalism that exposes corruption and social injustices, with examples including Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle' and Ida Tarbell's exposé on Standard Oil.

Why the number of magazines surged after the 1870s

The surge in magazines after the 1870s was due to advancements in printing technology, increased literacy rates, and the rise of a middle class with disposable income.

The difference in specialized vs. general interest magazines

Specialized magazines target niche audiences with specific interests, while general interest magazines appeal to a broader audience with diverse topics.

Three definitions of fake news

Fake news can be defined as misinformation spread deliberately, sensationalized news that distorts facts, and fabricated stories designed to mislead readers.

Different ways to evaluate if sources are credible

To evaluate credibility, consider the author's qualifications, the publication's reputation, the presence of citations, the date of publication, and the objectivity of the content.

The four models of expression

The four models of expression are the authoritarian model, the libertarian model, the social responsibility model, and the Soviet model, with the social responsibility model best fitting U.S. journalism.

The nine elements of newsworthiness

The nine elements include timeliness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, impact, novelty, relevance, and accountability.

Advertising's relationship to journalism

Advertising supports journalism financially but can also create conflicts of interest, influencing content and editorial independence.

Early advertising concerns

Early advertising concerns included misleading claims, particularly regarding medicinal products, which led to calls for regulation.

Ivy Lee Ledbetter's contribution to PR

Ivy Lee Ledbetter is known for establishing the principles of transparency and public relations as a profession, emphasizing honesty in communication.

Edward Bernays' contribution to PR

Edward Bernays is considered the father of public relations, known for applying psychological principles to influence public opinion and consumer behavior.

Differences in public relations jobs

Media relations focus on managing communications with the press, community/consumer relations engage with the public, and special events involve organizing promotional activities.

Common advertising approaches

Common advertising approaches include snob appeal, bandwagon effect, testimonial, and emotional appeal, each designed to influence consumer behavior.

Differences in Electronic Age, Information Age, and Post-Information Age

The Electronic Age focuses on the rise of electronic communication, the Information Age emphasizes the importance of information access, and the Post-Information Age reflects on the implications of information overload.

The 3 deceptive effects of digital living

The three deceptive effects include the illusion of connection, the spread of misinformation, and the impact of digital distractions on attention spans.

Copyright in Digital Literacy

Copyright laws protect creators' rights over their works, ensuring they can control reproduction and distribution, which is crucial in the digital age.

Big players in Internet access

Major companies like Comcast, AT&T, and Verizon dominate Internet access, with most users connecting through broadband or mobile services.

The evolution of the Internet

The Internet began as a military project (ARPANET) and evolved into a global network, transforming communication, commerce, and information sharing.

Social media's role in democracy

Social media facilitates political engagement, information dissemination, and public discourse, but also raises concerns about misinformation and polarization.

Personal security issues tied to Internet use

Common concerns include data privacy, identity theft, cyberbullying, and the security of personal information shared online.

The concept of net neutrality

Net neutrality is the principle that Internet service providers should treat all data equally, without discriminating or charging differently by user, content, or website.

Five elements required to prove libel

To prove libel, one must demonstrate that the statement was false, damaging, made with actual malice or negligence, published, and that the subject is identifiable.

Ways media professionals can avoid libeling others

Media professionals can avoid libeling others by fact-checking, using reliable sources, avoiding sensationalism, and ensuring fair representation.

The 4 main codes of the SPJ code of ethics

The four main codes are to seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable and transparent.

Mega Agencies

in advertising, large ad firms that are formed when several agencies merge and that maintain worldwide regional offices; they provide both advertising and public relations services and operate in-house radio and TV production studios.

Boutique Agencies

in advertising, small regional ad agencies that devote their talents to only a handful of select clients.

General descriptions of public relations

Public relations involves managing communication between an organization and its public to build a positive image and foster relationships.

General descriptions of advertising

Advertising is a paid form of communication that promotes products, services, or ideas to persuade an audience.

Press release

in public relations, announcements written in the style of news reports that present new information about an individual, a company, or an organization, and pitch a story idea to the news media.

PSA

A Public Service Announcement (PSA) is a message created to inform the public about an issue or promote a cause, often distributed for free.

Subliminal advertising

a 1950s term that refers to hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register in the subconscious and fool people into buying products.

Saturation advertising

the strategy of inundating a variety of media with ads aimed at target audiences.

Puffery/Deception in advertising

Puffery refers to exaggerated claims in advertising that are subjective and not meant to be taken literally, while deception involves misleading statements.

Federal Trade Commission

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is a U.S. government agency that protects consumers by preventing unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent practices in advertising.

Better Business Bureau

The Better Business Bureau (BBB) is a nonprofit organization that helps consumers find trustworthy businesses and promotes ethical business practices.

Trade books, mass-market paperbacks & e-books

Trade books are typically higher quality and priced, mass-market paperbacks are lower-cost and widely distributed, while e-books are digital versions of books.

The top 5 bestselling book genres

The top five bestselling book genres include fiction, mystery/thriller, romance, science fiction/fantasy, and non-fiction.

Dime novel

sometimes identified as pulp fiction, these cheaply produced and low-priced novels were popular in the United States beginning in the 1860s.

Pulp fiction

a term used to describe many late-nineteenth-century popular paperbacks and dime novels, which were constructed of cheap machine-made pulp paper.

Papyrus

one of the first substances to hold written language and symbols; produced from plant reeds found along the Nile River.

Copyright

the legal right of authors and producers to own and control the use of their published or unpublished writing, music, lyrics, TV programs, movies, or graphic art designs.

On-demand printing

On-demand printing is a printing technology that allows for the printing of single copies of books or materials as they are ordered.

Penny press

The penny press refers to inexpensive newspapers that emerged in the 1830s, making news accessible to a broader audience.

Banned books

Banned books are books that have been removed from libraries or schools due to objections regarding their content.

Webzine

A webzine is an online magazine that publishes articles, reviews, and other content, often focusing on niche topics.

Public figure

A public figure is an individual who has gained prominence in society, often subject to greater scrutiny regarding statements and actions.

Prior restraint

the legal definition of censorship in the United States; it prohibits courts and governments from blocking any publication or speech before it actually occurs

Ethnocentrism

an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it involves judging other countries and cultures according to how they live up to or imitate American practices and ideals.

Incitement

Incitement refers to the act of encouraging or provoking unlawful behavior or violence.

Defamation, libel, and slander

Defamation- false statement that injures someone's reputation; Libel- in law, the defamation of character in written or broadcast form. Slander- spoken language that defames a person's character.

The Web

The Web, or World Wide Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

The Internet

in law, the defamation of character in written or broadcast form.

Net neutrality

the principle that all data being sent across the Internet should be treated the same—that is, it should have the same access to the network and travel across it at the same speed.

Semantic Web

version of the web in which web pages and databases are created in such a way that a computer—functioning as something akin to artificial intelligence—can examine the web's vast quantities of data and automatically provide useful solutions to people's needs.

Hypertext

a language for displaying text, images, and other multimedia that allows users to link files to one another.

Digital Divide

the growing contrast between the "information haves"—those who can afford to purchase a computer and pay for Internet services—and the "information have-nots"—those who may not be able to afford a computer or pay for Internet services.

Psychic secretion

Psychic secretion refers to the phenomenon where individuals experience a psychological response to stimuli, often in the context of advertising.

Cyber-interaction

Cyber-interaction refers to communication and social interaction that occurs through digital platforms and the Internet.

Instant gratification

Instant gratification is the desire for immediate fulfillment of needs or desires, often exacerbated by digital technology.

Enculturation

Enculturation is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the values, norms, and practices of their culture.

Asynchronous vs. synchronous communication

Asynchronous communication occurs with a time lag (e.g., emails), while synchronous communication happens in real-time (e.g., video calls).

Echo chamber

An echo chamber is an environment where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own.

Cookies

computer files that automatically collect and transfer information between a website and a user's browser, which makes revisiting a website easier or more personalized but also makes it possible for companies to track a user's browser history.