(1) autonomics

brain and spinal cord

the central nervous system includes:

nerves

the peripheral nervous system includes the:

synaptic transmission

body signals are sent through:

nerve impulses

the presynaptic neuron contains:

vesicles containing neurotransmitters telling them to release across the synaptic cleft

the nerve impulses from the presynaptic neuron activates:

receptors

the post-synaptic neuron contains:

presynaptic; postsynaptic

nerve impulses from the _________________ neuron cause the release of neurotransmitter that attach to receptors on the _________________ neuron

nerves

with synaptic transmission, signals are sent through:

cholinesterase

enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine

synaptic cleft

neurotransmitter degradation occurs in the:

enzymes

degradation of neurotransmitters occurs because of:

enzyme

ase =

increase

if the enzyme responsible for breaking down x neurotransmitter is inhibited, the level of neurotransmitter x will _____________, increasing the interaction between the drug and receptor

somatic and autonomic sytem

the peripheral nervous system is broken down into the:

voluntary movements

the somatic motor system is responsible for:

involuntary control

the autonomic nervous system is responsible for:

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

the autonomic nervous system is broken down into:

heart rate, secretory glands and smooth muscle

the autonomic nervous system serves to control these three things:

bladder, bowel, blood vessels, eyes and lungs

the autonomic nervous system control smooth muscle of the:

parasympathetic

which system is also referred to as the rest and digest system

decrease heart rate, increase secretions and smooth muscle constriction

what are the general effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

increased heart rate, decreased secretions and smooth muscle relaxation and constriction

what are the general effects of the sympathetic nervous system

contraction

what effect will the parasympathetic system have on the bladder

relaxation

what effect will the sympathetic system have on the bladder

contraction

what effect will the parasympathetic system have on the bowels

constriction

what effect will the parasympathetic system have on the pupils

miosis

constriction of the pupils

constriction

what effect will the parasympathetic system have on the bronchioles

because you don't need as much air when relaxing

why does the parasympathetic system cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscle

constriction to redirect flow to brain and skeletal muscles

what effect will the sympathetic system have on the blood vessels

dilation

what effect will the parasympathetic system have on the blood vessels

increase

what effect will the sympathetic system have on heart rate and blood pressure

dilation

what effect will the sympathetic system have on the pupils

mydriasis

dilation of the pupils

dilation

what effect will the sympathetic system have on bronchial smooth muscle

sympathetic

which system is also referred to as the fight or flight system

mobilization to skeletal muscles

what effect will the sympathetic system have on the glucose in the body

feedback regulation

used to help the body decide if it should turn on the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system

sensors

send information through nerves to the brain

effector signals

exit the brain to tell the body what to do

acetycholine

neurotransmitter always released from the preganglionic neuron

parasympathetic

in which system is ach released from the pre and postganglionic neuron

acetylcholine

hallmark neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system

cholinergic system

the parasympathetic system is also referred to as the:

acetylcholine; norepinephrine and epinephrine

in the sympathetic nervous system, _________________ is released from the preganglion neuron and ______________________ is released from the postganglionic neuron

adrenergic system

the sympathetic system is also called the:

somatic

which system has one nerve that releases acetylcholine to control skeletal muscles

ne and epinephrine

primary neurotransmitters for the sympathetic nervous system

skeletal muscle contraction

the release of ach by the somatic motor system causes:

receptors

because ach has many different sites of action, medications are given to act on specific ____________ in the body

ganglia

cluster of nerves

nicotinic neuronal

receptors at the ganglia in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

parasympathetic system and sweat glands

where are muscarinic receptors located

nicotinic and muscarinic

ach acts on what type of receptors

nicotinic and muscarinic

types of cholinergic receptors

alpha and beta

ne and epinephrine act on what type of receptors

alpha and beta

what are the adrenergic receptors

nicotinic muscle

what type of receptor is located in the somatic motor system

more ach to be released

activation of the nicotinic neuronal receptor causes:

skeletal muscle contraction

activation of the nicotinic muscle receptor causes:

decreased heart rate, increased secretions and smooth muscle contractions

activation of the muscarinic receptor causes:

increased heart rate and contraction force

activation of the beta 1 receptor causes:

dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and increased glucose release

activation of the beta 2 receptor causes:

constriction of blood vessels

activation of the alpha 1 receptor causes:

beta 1

which receptor acts on the heart

beta 2

which receptor acts on the lungs

alpha 1

which receptor is referred to as the squeeze receptor

alpha 2

which receptor is referred to as the off switch

decrease

would an alpha 2 agonist increase or decrease the effects of norepinephrine

alpha 2 receptors

stop button for the sympathetic nervous system

dilation of renal blood vessels to promote filtration

at regular levels, what is the action of dopamine:

beta 1 and alpha 1

at higher doses, dopamine also fits into these receptors

increased heart rate and blood vessel constriction

at increased doses of dopamine, these things may occur:

true

t/f dopamine has dose-dependent activity

parasympathetic

which system increases peristalsis

sympathetic

which system relaxes the uterine muscle

parasympathetic

which system increases salivation

cholinergic agonists

cholinomimetics are also called:

cholinergic agonists

mimic the effect of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system

bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide

muscarinic agonists

receptor

direct agonists act on the:

enzyme

indirect agonists act on the:

nicotine and varenicline

nicotinic agonists

bethanechol

what is the prototype for direct cholinergic agonists

pyridostigmine

what is the prototype for indirect cholinergic agonists

stigmines and edrophonium

cholinesterase inhibitors

oral and subcutaneous

routes for bethanechol

ophthalmic

route for pilocarpine

iv, im, nasal, oral

routes for metoclopramide

urinary retention

therapeutic use for bethanechol

glaucoma

therapeutic use for pilocarpine

gastroparesis and gerd

therapeutic use for metoclopramide

gastroparesis

partial paralysis of the gi system

prokinetic agent

metoclopramide is referred to as a:

bronchospasms, bradycardia, hypotension, salivation, increased acid secretion, abdominal cramps and diarrhea

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic agonists

bethanechol and metoclopramide

which muscarinic agents have more risk for adverse effects

reduces

giving a medication at the site where it needs to work _____________ the risk for adverse effects

excess

adverse effects happen in _____________ doses

salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, gi cramps, emesis, bronchospasms, bradycardia, bronchorrhea

cholinergic excess/cholinergic crisis

increased mucus in the lungs

what is bronchorrhea