ap psych unit six - developmental psychology

Developmental psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Conception

Egg is released from the ovaries, sperm reach the egg and release digestive enzymes that eat away at the protective coating

How is the egg fertilized

The sperm penetrates the coating and enters through the eggs surface and blocks out other sperm, within hours the egg and sperm become one

Germinal stage

The first 10-14 day period of development when the egg is fertilized, and becomes a zygote, and goes under rapid division

How does a zygote become an embryo

Germinal stage completes and the zygote attaches to the mothers uterine wall, the inner cells become the embryo and the outer cells become the placenta

Fetal stage

Starting at the ninth week, facial features, hands, and feet are formed

What is the development sequence

Zygote, embryo, fetus

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and can cause harm “Monster makers”

Teratogen examples

Alcohol, tobacco, drugs, medications, viruses

fetal alcohol syndrome

marked by lifelong physical and mental abilities, the most serious of all fas disorders

rooting reflex

baby turns and opens mouth when corner is stroked, lasts about four months

sucking reflex

baby mouth will begin to suck when the roof of its mouth is touched

grasping reflex

babys hand closes when the palm is stroked, lasts in hands from 5-6 months old and in feet from 9-12 months old

startle (moro) reflex

baby throws back their head, extends arms and legs, cries, and then pulls arms and legs back in, response to sudden movement or loud noise, lasts until 2 months old

babinski relfex

toes fan out when bottom of the baby’s foot is firmly stroked

maturation

biological growth processes that enable changes in behavior

association areas

the last cortical areas to develop, linked with thinking, memory, and language

sequence of motor development

sit, crawl, walk, run

jean piaget

believed that a child’s mind develops through a series of stages

schema

an ides or model

assimilate

adding a new example into their schema

accommodation

receive correction and need to modify understanding when an example doesn’t fit in a schema

sensorimotor stage

birth-two years, infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions; what they see, hear, etc

object permanence

the awareness that objects continue to exist, even when not perceived

preoperational stage

2-6/7 years old, child learns to use language but does not comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same, despite the changes in the forms of objects

egocentrism

preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

theory of mind

peoples idea about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

concrete operational stage

7-11 years old children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about events

formal operational stage

begins at age 12, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

lev vygotsky

russian development psychologist, studied how a child’s mind feeds on language of social interaction

scaffolding

framework that offers temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

zone of proximal development

the zone between what a child can and can’t do with help

autism spectrum disorder (asd)

appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

attachement

an emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning around 8 months old

critical period

an optional period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

imprinting

the process which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

strange situation design

a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

secure attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and they find comfort in the caregivers return

insecure attachment

demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment, or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

anxious attachment

people who constantly crave acceptance but reman vigilant to signs of possible rejection

avoidant attachment

people who experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others

temperament

a persons innate and inborn characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

basic trust

a sense that the world is predictable and reliable

self concept

a positive understanding of who you are

authoritarian parenting style

impose rules and demand obedience

permissive parenting style

set few limits, make few demands and use little punishment

authoritative parenting style

set rules but allow open discussion and exceptions

negligent parenting style

careless, inattentive and do not seek a close relationship with their children

Sex

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Gender

The socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

How are men and women alike

Everyone receives 23 chromosomes from both parents, 45 of the 46 chromosomes are unisex

How is she different from he?

Enters puberty a year earlier, life span is five years longer, expresses emotions more freely, detect faint odors, 2x the risk of developing depression and anxiety, 10x the risk of developing an eating disorder

How is he different from she?

4x more likely to die by suicide, or to develop an alcohol use disorder, more likely to have an autism spectrum disorder, color deficient vision, and adhd, as an adult, more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, more likely to show aggression

Relational aggression

An act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

How do girls connect socially?

They are more interdependent; often play in small groups

How do boys connect socially?

They typically form large play groups that are all activity and competition and no intimate discussion

How do women’s relationships vary from men’s?

Women create stronger bonds, they are said to tend and befriend

How do differences in perception impact work bias?

Stern/powerful women are met with criticism and disdain while stern/powerful men are met with support and enthusiasm

How do differences in salary impact workplace gender bias?

Women in traditional male occupations are receiving less pay than male colleagues

How do family-care responsibilities impact workplace gender bias?

US mothers do twice as much child care as father, women are less often driven by money and status, they compromise more and often opt for reduced work hours in the workplace

men’s interaction styles

more likely to offer more opinions

women’s interaction styles

More likely to express support

Men everyday behavior reflecting gender bias in the workplace

They are more likely to talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches and stare

women everyday behavior reflecting gender bias in the workplace

Smile more and apologize more

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Gender roles

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males and females

Gender identity

Our sense of being male, female, some combination of the two, or neither (gender neutral)

Social learning theory

The theory that we learn social gender behavior by observing and imitation and by being rewarded or punished

Gender typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Androgyny

A blend of male and female roles

Transgender

People whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person become capable of reproducing

Menarche

The first menstrual period in girls

Spermarche

The first ejaculation in boys

preconventional morality

before age nine, self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

conventional morality

early adolescence, uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

post conventional morality

adolescence and beyond, actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

moral intuition

quick, gut feeling

trust vs mistrust

birth to one year old, infants develop a sense of basic trust when needs are met

autonomy vs shame

1-3 years old, toddlers learn to exercise their free will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

initiative vs guilt

3-6 years old, preschoolers learn to imitate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

competence vs inferiority

6 years to puberty, children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

identity vs role confusion

teen years to early 20s, teenager will work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

intimacy vs isolation

20s-40s, young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

generatively vs stagnation

40s-60s, middle aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

integrity vs despair

late 60s and up, reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

how do adolescents explore identity

people in individualist cultures usually try out different “selves” in different situations

emerging adulthood

a period fro, about age 18 to mid 20s, no longer adolescents, but not yet an independent adult

how biological sex is determined

23rd chromosome, mother gives x, father gives x or y

primary sex characteristics

the reproductive organs and external genitalia that make reproduction possible

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive organs/body features

intersex

a condition present at birth due to an unusual combination of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy, possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, sti caused by hiv, depletes the immune system, is not only from gay men

environmental factors that contribute to variations in teen sexuality

communication about birth control, impulsivity, alcohol use, and mass media

environmental factors that contribute to sexual restraints

high intelligence, religion, father presence, service learning participation

sexual orientation

our enduring sexual attraction