Viruses (KNow common names, phrases, WHICH VIRUSES ARE HERPES )

HIV1 HVI 2

• Virus targets cells of the immune system such as macrophages and T-cells which not only makes someone immunocompromised, but helps spread infection to other organs. Virus is retrovirus and integrates into host cell’s DNA. Reverse transcriptase makes a lot of errors when copying RNA into DNA, proteins on surface change frequently, which makes it resistant to antiviral compounds fast. Cocktail of drugs used to treat patients.

-HIV develops malignancy called Kaposi’s sarcoma, caused by human herpesvirus 8.

-Transmitted via sexual contact, blood, dirty needles.

• Coreceptors : CCR5, CXVR4 (New antivrial drugs target these; mutatetd coreceptors can prevent the progression into AIDS)

• gp120 glycoprotein spike on membrane attaches to receptor on CD41 cell. The gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein facilitates fusion by attaching to a fusion receptor on the CD4 cell

1)Attachment

2) Fusion

3) Entry

Textbook notes

• Is related to lentivirus simian immunovirus.

• Envelope : has glycoproteins spikes termed G4120,and gp 41

-GP 120 : Glycoprotein spike on HIV’s envelope, attached to gp41.-GP 41 : Glycoprotein on HIV envelope, attached to gp120

• Is retrovirus, contains two positive stranded SINGULAR RNA molecules. Enzyme reverse transcriptase and integrase, and envelope of phospholipid (have high mutation rates)

• Needs to bind its gp120 to CD4 receptor of T cell

• Attachment of the gp120 and gp41 leads to fusion of cellular membrane and envelope 

• Can become latent as well, is in body but does not destroy cell.

• Seroconversion : Change in person’s response to an antigen in serological test (infection and detectable antibodies)

• Tests that detect viral nucleic acid and are used to qunatify HIV in blood

• Transfers based on bodily fluids( semen and blood

• Prep and PeP (drug treatments for HIV). Mutliple drugs must be used due to its high infection (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

• Tetherins : tether HIV virus to cell

• Maturation inhibitors : prevents capsid from forming 

-has specific receptors for CD4, that’s why it prefers T-cells.

Steps

1)attachment

2)fusion

3)entry

4)Reverse transcriptase and uncoating

5) Integration

6) Virus gene expression

7)Assembly and budding. 

Graph : 

• Phase 1(HIV positive): First, as you contract HIV, your CD4 T-cells plummet as HIV cells rise

• Phase 2 (HIV positive): Then an immune response happens, and the CD4T cells increase a little as HIV cells plummet then stabilize

• Phase 3 (AIDS): HIV will then remain in low quantities, but your CD4T cells will slowly decrease no matter what, leading to death. 

• Macrophages and T cells 

• Reverse transcriptase makes a lot of mistakes (high mutations)

• Atenuated : crippled, immune system sees as normal and makes response 

• Can have HIV and not AID

• Coreceptors : CCR5, CXVR4 (New antivrial drugs target these; mutatetd coreceptors can prevent the progression into AIDS)

Rubella (Is eliminated for the most part)

Can cross placenta, cause congential rubella syndrome. Componnent of MMR vaccine, contains attennuated viruses.

• Much less viral than rubeola.

• Caused by Rubivirus

• Can cause encephalitis (1 in 6000). Symptoms include rash of red spots, and light feve

• Congenital rubella syndrome : Certain birth defects during first trimester, 3 months of pregancy. 

• Transfers via respiratory route, and an incubation of 2-3 weeks is the norm 

Measles (Rubeola)

• KOPLIKs spots on the lips and cheek appear before other symptoms occur.

-highly contagious

Complications include measles encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Included in MMR vaccine

• Is from respiratory route

• Infectious before symptoms appear.

• Dangerous to infants under 1

• start as symptoms of common cold 

• General stuff : can be left with permanent brain damage, is accompanied with dangerous middle ear infections and pnemonia

-Can be latent, then suddenly ENFLAMED BRAIN

-In poorer countriies, will recover from measles, but be susceptible to diseases like pnemonia, KILLS MEMORY CELLS

Varicella-Zoster (chicken pox)

• Herpesvirus causes chickenpox (Varicellovirus human alphavirus 3)

• Is LATENT

-Can cause complications like damage to blood vessels and Reye’s syndrome.

-Resides in ganglia of head and neck in LATENT form. can activate and cause SHINGLES (only affects adults. Impairs vision and causes paralysis)

-Attenuated virus vaccine available to protect against chickenpox and a stronger version of vaccine protects against sh9ingles.

• Reye’s syndrome (complication)

• -persistently vomits and signs of brain dysfunction

• Using aspirin decreases fever, but INCREASES chance of reye’s

• Chicken pox can break through vaccine over time (breakthrough varicella)

Smallpox (bio terrorism?)

• First story of humans getting rid of deadly virus (first REAL vaccine)

• Similiar disease, monkeypox, has become a concern

• Worldwide vaccination effort.

• Same genus as smallpox virus and the smallpox vaccine has a protective effect in disease spread

• mortality rate is usually low in children, usually from encephalitis or pneumonia with it 

• Results from infection of Herpesvirus Varicellovirus human alphaherpes virus. (Orthopox variola virus)

• Virola major and Variola Minor (20-60% in adults, 80% in children, 2 percent in children).

• Transmitted through respiratory route

• Strains in freezers 

Papillomavirus 

Over 100 strains 

-Most cause warts, but 13 strains numbered 16,18,8 and ten other strains cause cervical cancer.

-Genital warts are reffered to as condyloma accuminata and usually transmitted sexually. 

-Vaccine from Merck called Gardasil is available from nine strains, vaccine appears to do nothing to already established person. 

-LATENT

Herpes simplex virus (latent)

HSV1 is predominantly found in cold sores and HSV2 is predominantly found in genital herpes.

-Latent virus that resides in ganglia, can lead to more serious complications, encephalitis, fever, spleen infections

-Can cause neonatal herpes

-Can be shed even with no lesion present

• Oral or respiratory route. 

• Cold sores of fever blisters

• Can cause herpes encephalitis 

cytomegalavirus (CMV) (Fell asleep soory)

Approximately 80% of adults are carriers of human herpes virus- 5

- Latent in White blood cells (healthy adults often asymptomatic)

-replicates slowly, -Bodily fluid

-Owl eye (hurtful)

-CID : infant version

-Transmitted sexually

-opportunitstic

-NO TUMORS DUMBASS IDIOT WHY DDINT YOU WRITE OPQBFOUFOYFUTCYUGIHOUGVJCJYU

• Can cross placenta can cause severe damage to fetus (cytomegalic inclusion disease)

• Also problem in patients receiving transplants. Need to take drugs to suppress immune system, makes the virus harder to fight

Enterovirus Rhinovirus (fell asleep soory)

• Most common cause of cold, So many strains, make it impossible to produce vaccine. Coronaviruses also common cause of cold

• Immunity is based on ratio of IgA antibodies to singular serotypes

• Single rhinovirus deposit is enough to cause diseas

• Nasal mucus has high concentration of virus in first 3 day

• CAUSED BY VIRUSES, NO ANTIBIOTICS USED

• thrive in temp below body temp

Influenza 

Composed of 8 fragments of DNA which codes for viral proteins. (6 to internal proteins, 2 to membrane protein stuff)

• Enclosed by inner layer of protein and an outer lipid bilaye

• Embedded in lipid bilayer are numerous projections (HEMAGLUTTIN SPIKES; attachment AND NEURIMINIDASE SPIKES; virus dettach). Antibodies targeted as these spikes.

• Structure : Capsid, covered by envolope, with 2 of the protein spikes 

• Influenza A and B cause seasonal epidemics. C is mild

• Antigenetic drift : accumulation of mutations; evade host immunity(small)

• Antigenic shift : big change to evade immunity (reassortment;genetic recombination)

• Upper respiratory 

• Mutations more likely yo occur in those with longer life span 

• Antiviral drugs zanamvir and oseltamavir.

• NO VACCINE FOR LONGTERM-IMM

• Made with embyronated chicken eggs, but is inneficient and thats why theres shortages, takes long time

• Changes in genes coding for these proteins result in different viral strains. Refered to as anti-genetic drift, reason why different viruses make up vaccine each year. 

- Since viral RNA is on different fragments,is known that if 2 different viruses infect simultaneously, there is a chance for gene assortment of different RNA fragments, which also results in new viral stains

-Exmaples of bird flu infecting humans 

-The vaccine are produced eevry year with the most predominant strain that year. 

-Made with embyronated chicken eggs, but is inneficient and thats why theres shortages

-Is tissue system to grow the virus in.

-IF both viruses enter host cell, both can leavve looking diffrenrtly (genetic shift; bird flu)

Severe Acute respiratory syndrome

• Caused by Coronavirus (Sars-Cov-1). High mortality rate, first outbreak in 2002.

• These viruses have single positive sense, bound to capsid protein (nucleoprotein)

• Susceptible to fungal infections

• antigenic drift

• Vacines :

-mRNA vaccine (Attacks virus S protein)

-vaccines made of harmless adenovirus that make the covid S protein

-epidemic declared over in summer 2003 due to quarantining sick people, but it spread to other countries.

-Resides in civet cats in China, as well as domestic cats.

-Spread by close contact with infected people and it is monitored by the World health organization

-High mutation rate when the RNA virus replicates its RNA causes new strains of the virus to evade antibodies made to a previous strain.

Coronavirus mutates and stuff, need booster shots with most common strain \

Spike proteins : receptors on cells 

The virus attaches to the ACE receptor on host cells, most likely in the nasal epithelium. The virus replicates in the nasal epithelium and is moved to the trachea, attach to cytokines 

• Airborne transmission

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)

• Most common lower respiratory infection in children under 1 year old.

• Cause cell fusion

• Naturally acquired immunity is poor

• Hospital workers must be careful to not spread virus in nurseries. There is a new RSV vaccine for use

-has vaccine 

Noroviruses(Norwalk);

Group of viruses like the first identified Norwalk virus. Transmitted by fecal oral route, can remain on surfaces for long time 

-Contagious, only few viral paricles

-Cannot culture them

-Viruses can shed even after patient is asymptomatic 

-Main prevention is washing hands 

-NO LIPID MEMBRANE 

-Detected by using PCR 

Mumps (PAROTID GLANDS)

• Humans are only host for virus. Part of MMR vaccine. 

• Complications with VACCINE include male sterility if adult is infected with virus. 

• Can also cause meningoencephalitis. \

• Transferred via saliva and respiratory secretions 

• Testes (Orchitis)

Rotavirus (gastroenteristis)

• Causes viral enteritis among infants and young children. Hospitals must be careful to not spread in infant ward. Is a vaccine.

• In developing countries, there is a high mortality rate with virus because children do not receive fluids lost from diarrhea.

• Enzyme immunoassays 

• IS VACCINE

Hepatitis A,B and C (inflammation of liver)

Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus, and the other two are RNA viruses. HEP A is spread through fecal-oral route. Is vaccine for A and and B

• Lymphocryptovirus (HHV4), cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) (CMV, Parvovirus (fiffth

• Hepatits B is spread througjh blood and blood products and sexual contact.. Can carry viruses for many years after recovery, which leads to liver disease. Is a vaccine, all health workers should recieve. Is implicated in some forms of liver cancer. Chronic 

• Hepatitis C is spread through products, it becomes chronic infection in some people and has been implicated in some forms of liver cnacer and cirrhosis. Remains chroni

• Hep A lacks envelope(caused by HAV)

• Hep B (HBV, process of replication similiar to retrovirus). Also become acute; enveloped)

• Hep C (transfusion basd; enveloped; triggers immune inflammaotry response that clears infection or destorys liver; curable, contracted mainly through injections)

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

• This herpesvirus causes infectious mononucleosis and targets the B cells of the immune system. Remains latent in B-cell recovery after intial recovery. 

• Virus can lead to complications inn immunocompromised and can cause Burkitts lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinom 

-Infection as child, will cause complications

Polio (thought would be eradicated, but not everyone vaccinates)

• Two forms of vaccine (Salk; inactivated and Sabin; attenuated). All people in country are vaccinated, only see cases in someone not vaccinated in another country.

• Paralysis in legs

• Damage to central nervous system

• Three serotypes

• Complication is partial or complete paralysis.

• WHO has attempted to get all countries to participate in vaccniation campaign to eliminate virus from planrt, but has not met same success as smallpox.

• Ingesting water contaminted with virus

• NO CURE

West Nile Virus

Transmitted via mosquito, and has spread across country in the short time it was introduce (Causes paralysis and encephalitis

• Can be thought of emerging disease, hard to control because birds are resevoir for virus 

Rabies virus

Found in many mammals, critical that dogs and cats vaccinated.

-IS VACCINE

• Many cases today are not from rabid animal bites, but from open wounds.

• Once in central nervous system, you die, takes long time to replicate

• Single stranded RNA, mutants develop rapidly

• DFA test, RIT test

• Once but, must have RIG (small bits of immune cells from immune poepl put into body) (Pep;postexpose prophalxsis, exposure to immune cells)

Encepalitis (horse farm shit? Why the fuck are we learning about horse diseases???)

Eastern equine, Western equine and St. Louis encephalitis viruses cause inflammation of brain. 

• Encephalitis via mosquitoes

• Can be thought of as emerging, birds are reservoirs of these viruses. Mosquitoes pass these viruses from horses to human

• Eastern more severe

• Eastern and western have vaccine

Zika virus

• Zika virus and transmitted primarily by mosquitoes

• Can also be transmitted sexually, mother to fetus during pregnancy and through blood transfusions. Crosses placenta

• Major complications is microencephaly in the infant when mother contracts during pregnancy.

What viruses cause placenta damage?

Rubella, cytomegalovirus, ZIka, HIV

Many viruses are associated with human cancers. Integration of viral DNA into host DNA can cause expression of viral proteins (oncongenes) which results in unregulated growth of host cells. RNA tumor virusesa are in Retrovidae. Viral DNA copied into RNA which integrates into the host cell to cause unregulated growth. Know which viruses associated with Papovavirus 

Viruses associated with PPMV

Pappilmavarisu : cervical cancer

Hep B and C is liver cancer

MMR

Measles, mups and rubella 

Which viruses are herpes virus

Chickenpox, small pox, EBV, HSv1, PPV

Which ones affect young kids/ infants

Creutzfeldt Jacob

Prion disease

Variant CJD : bofine sponginfomr encpehalpy (mad cow)

• Both variants progress from onset to death, affects cererberum (amyloid plagues; clusters of prion proteins)

GSSS : mutation in prion protein (Amyloid placques in brain)

fatal familial insomnia : thalamus, mutation in prion protien

Kuru /laughin disease : brain matter of disease relatives (priorns;cerebellum)

Scrapie : sheep

TME :

Chronic wasting disease : Deers, emaciated, lose bodily functions

Bovine spongiform aencephalaphy (mad cow) :

Which viruses can and cannot be detected by PCR

Latent viruses

EBV, CMV, PAP Rubeola, Zoster, HIV 

Viruses with vaccines

MMR, smallpox, chicken pox, influenza, , PPV

RSV(respirations syncytial virus)

Rotavirus

Hep A and B

Rabies

Polio

2 cross placenta (zika and chickenpox maybe?)

4 cause cancer (plus karposis sarcoma; HiV

4 herpes virus

6 latent

13 have vaccine (7 are attenuated, 4 are dead)

6 caused by respiratory

3 caused by mosquito

2 are gastrointestinal

9 are respiratory

7 diseases are transmitted sexually

what viruses are gastro intestinal (fecal-oral route)

Norovirus,rotavirus

Respiratory viruses 

Measles, Rubella, Chickenpox, small pox, Influenza, Rhinovirus, SARS, RSV, Mumps 

Which vaccines are dead

Polio (IPV), Rabies, Hep A, INflueza

SARS, INFLUENZA

6 latent 

Chicken pox, , CMV,EBV, HPV and HSV, Measles (kinda)

Persistent : HIV, Hep c, HPV , Hep B 

4 antigenic drift and 1 shift

Shift is influenza, SARS, HIV, Hep C, Influenza is last

Sexual contact

8 (HIV, HSv2HPV, Hep B and C, Zika, CMV)

Fecal

2

Respiratory 

12

7 DNA (Herpes virus, rashes, Cancerous)

Chicken pox, smallpox, HPV, HSv1, EBV, CMV Hep B

CP, SP, HP, H, EB,CM, Hep B

RNA (everything else) 

HIV (AIDS) . Rubella, Rubeola, Rabies, West nile, encephalitis stuff, Zika, Polio, Rhinovirus, SARS, INFLUENZA, RSV, MUMPS, Rotavirus, Noro virus 

H,RRR,W,E,Z,P,R,S,I,R,M,R,