Hematopoiesis

Q1

G6PD enzyme deficiency

Which of the following can lead to shortened RBC survival?

T

T/F Epinephrine can cause an increased production of EPO

F

T/F Aplastic anemia can cause anemia secondary to increase in RBC destruction

folic acid

Which of the following deficiency can result in a macrocytic type of anemia?

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A condition that cause the mother’s white blood cell to attack the fetus red blood cell usually as result of Rh incompatibility

T

T/F Androgen can cause an increased production of EPO.

T

T/F Thalassemia can cause anemia secondary to increase in RBC destruction

Bone marrow

During the third trimester of pregnancy, where is the predominant site of RBC production?

oxygen

Which of the following is the most important regulator of red cell production?

T

T/F Norepinephrine can cause an increase production of EPO

F

T/F Estrogen can cause an increase production of EPO

yolk sac

What is the major site of erythropoiesis during the **3rd week** gestation

F

T/F Iron deficiency anemia can cause anemia secondary to increase in RBC destruction

F

T/F Thalassemia can cause anemia secondary to increase in RBC production

T

T/F Hypoxia can cause an increase production of EPO

G6PD enzyme deficiency

Which of the following can lead to shortened RBC survival?

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (Glycolytic Pathway)

What pathway in the RBC accounts for 90% of glycolysis to generate ATP?

Vitamin B12

Which of the following deficiency can result in a macrocytic type of anemia?

blood

Opaque, red liquid consisting of cells suspended in a complex amber fluid called **plasma**

6-8%

blood accounts for what % of the total body weight in a healthy individual

5-6 L

approximate volume of blood in males

4\.5-5 L

approximate volume of blood in females

thrombocytes

Deficiency in this cellular component will result in **bleeding**

plasma

Liquid upper part of the anticoagulated blood – dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, proteins, and fats

albumin

Most abundant plasma protein that is important in maintaining **oncotic pressure;** Produced by the **liver**

A

VR: albumin and oncotic pressure

Alpha and beta globulins

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Gamma globulins

has Antibodies necessary for immune defense

liver

Alpha and beta globulins are produced in the

lymphoid tissues

Gamma globulins are produced in the

fibrinogen

Large molecules synthesized in liver that are important in clotting

cholesterol

Building block for certain hormones

Triglycerides

Transfer of food-derived energy into cells

glucose

Primary source of energy for the body cells and RBCs

serum

Liquid portion left after clotted or coagulated blood is removed out; without fibrinogen and clotting factors

erythrocytes

Major function is to transport hemoglobin which carries oxygen from lungs to tissues

carbonic anhydrase

* Catalyzes reversible reaction between CO2 and water to form **carbonic acid**
* maintains good pH in the blood and homeostasis

7\.8 micrometers

mean diameter of RBCs

2\.5 micrometers

thickness of RBC at the periphery (thickest point)

1 micrometer or less

thickness of RBC at the center

Biconcave shape

Provides RBCs with maximum surface area and minimum diffusion distance in proportion to volume

\~4 months

lifespan of RBCs

1%

what % of body’s erythrocytes that is destroyed and replaced everyday

T

T/F RBCs lack of nuclei, mitochondria or ER for protein synthesis

34g of Hgb/100mL of RBC

metabolic limit of the cell’s hemoglobin-forming mechanism

average of 15g of Hgb/100mL of RBC

normal hemoglobin value in men

average of 14g of Hgb/100mL of RBC

normal hemoglobin value in women

1\.34 mL

Each gram of pure hemoglobin is capable of combining with much of oxygen?

erythropoiesis

Process by which RBCs are made

Hematopoiesis

Process in which human marrow makes approximately

**10^10** new blood cells, the bulk of them mature erythrocytes

yolk sac

Main site of hematopoiesis in 2-4 weeks age of gestation

(AOG)

fetal liver

Main site of \~5 week AOG

bone marrow

Main site of >5th weeks AOG and after birth

sternum

One of the most common site to assess marrow activity

2nd and 3rd trimester

during this time of pregnancy, the main site of hematopoiesis will be **liver, spleen and bone marrow**

1st few months

during this time of pregnancy, there is formation of **mesenchyme**

bone marrow

During the later months of pregnancy this is the main site of hematopoiesis

B

VR: age and hematopoietic activity of bones

decrease

after birth, erythropoiesis will (inc or dec?)

* Erythropoietin
* Vitamin B12
* Folic Acid
* Iron

factors that influence the production of RBCs

pluripotent stem cell

Single type of cell from which all the cells of the circulating blood are eventually derived

long-term hematopoietic stem cell

Ability to **give rise to new stem cells**; cell renewal

short-term hematopoietic stem cell

Ability to differentiate into any one of the blood cell lines

* Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
* B-cells
* T-cells

Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) will give rise to:

* Eosinophil
* Mast cell
* Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor (MkEP)
* Granulocyte macrophage progenitor (GMP)

Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) will give rise to:

RBCs and Megakaryocyte

Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor (MkEP) will give rise to:

Neutrophil and Macrophage

Granulocyte macrophage progenitor (GMP) will give rise to

hematopoietic growth factors

* Hormone-like inducers of growth and differentiation
* Produced by stromal cells of the microenvironment and by the hematopoietic stem cells

EPO

Stimulates maturation of erythrocytes through the late BFU, CFU, and (pro) normoblasts

A

VR: EPO and reticulocytes

kidney

main organ producing EPO

B

VR: EPO and lung diseases

androgens

* Stimulates EPO production
* Directly induces differentiation of marrow stem

Vitamin B12 and folic acid

required for the synthesis of the nucleotide base **thymidine triphosphate and THF**

thymidine triphosphate

essential in the formation of DNA and normal cell division produced by Vitamin B12 and folic acid

B

VR:

* Vit. B12 and folic acid
* immature cells

pyrrole

2 succinyl-CoA + 2 glycine

4 pyrrole

Protoporphyrin IX + Iron

Heme + polypeptide

2 alpha chains + 2 beta chains

Protoporphyrin IX

heme

Hemoglobin chain (alpha or beta)

Hemoglobin A

structural forumla of Gower 1

2 epsilon + 2 zeta

2 alpha + 2 epsilon

structural forumla of Gower 2

2 gamma + 2 zeta

structural forumla of Portland

2 alpha + 2 gamma

structural forumla of Hb-F

2 alpha + 2 beta

structural forumla of Hb-A

2 alpha + 2 delta

structural forumla of Hb-A2

Hb-F

hemoglobin found in fetus

iron

element to which oxygen binds on a Hgb molecule

Transferrin

iron bound to apotransferrin; responsible for transporting iron to different parts of the body

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

Transferrin that attaches to the tissues becomes and is stored as

old/degraded RBC

primary source of iron in the body

lipids

45% of the RBC membrane is composed of

proteins

55% of the RBC membrane is composed of _____ that are important to **maintain the structure** of the RBC

Phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol

predominant lipid in RBC membrane