aphg unit 2.1-2.12

spatial distribution

how features of a landscape is arranged across the space of the earth (two types: clustered and dispersed)

density

frequency/concentration with which something occurs in a space (involves the number of a feature and its land area)

concentration

extent of a feature spread over a space

pattern

geometric or regular arrangement of objects in a space (three types: linear centralized and random)

population distribution

pattern of human settlement (the spread of people across the earth)

population density

shows the concentration of a population within a space

east asia south asia europe and southeast asia

2/3 of the worlds population is clustered in these 4 regions bc distribution is not even

physical factors

the geography of the earth has an influence on where people live and don’t live

ecumene

describes the inhabited places on the earth that are usually moderate climates that are suitable for agriculture and close to a water source (basically where people live)

human factors

possiblism states that we are able to overcome environmental obstacles as a result humans have more options when it comes to where they choose to live (ex of things that contribute to this terms include culture economics history and jobs)

arithmetic density

a method to calculated population density that is the total number of people over the total land, it shows human created boundaries and designations but it says little about population distribution

physiological density

a method to calculated population density that is the total number of people over the total arable land of a certain place, it determines a places carrying capacity

agricultural density

a method to calculated population density that is the total number of farmers over the total arable land of a certain place, it provides indication of the efficiency of the regions farmers and also can show development as MDCs have more machinery than farmers while LDCs are the opposite

arable land

land that can be used for farming

carrying capacity

how much the land can support the population without significant environmental deterioration, a lower percentage is seen as a good thing while a high percentage is seen as a bad thing and may require the place to start importing goods to support the population

overpopulation

more people than the environment can support (exceeds the carrying capacity)

population pyramids/age sex diagrams

a model that shows the population divided into male and female and also divided by age

dependency ratio

demographic measure of the ratio of the number of dependents to the total working age population

15-64

the working age

christmas tree/triangle shape

this shape on the population pyramid indicates rapid growth/stage 2 country

box shape

this shape on the population pyramid indicates slow growth or zero growth/stage 3 or 4 country

cup shape

this shape on the population pyramid indicates negative growth/stage 5 country

total fertility rate (TFR)

number of children born to women of child bearing age

2.1

the replacement rate

infant mortality rate (IMR)

not all kids make it into adulthood - this is the total number of death in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society

children mortality rate (CMR)

not all kids make it to adulthood - it’s the total number of deaths per year among children between one-five years old

natural increase rate (NIR/RNI)

also known as growth rate, it’s the difference between the number of births and deaths in a specific period of time (gains/losses through migration are not counted)

crude brith rate (CBR)

gross number of live births for every 1000 people

crude death rate (CDR)

gross number of deaths for every 1000 people

demographic balancing equation

(births+in migration)-(deaths+out migration)=total population

demographic momentum

tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline (snowball effect)

doubling time

projected amount of time it will take for a given population to double (calculated by rule of 70)

rule of 70

70/NIR

life expectancy/longevity

average number of years a person is expected to live

stage one-mass chaos

stage of the epidemiology transition model that has pandemics, epidemics, or animal attacks (ex bubonic plague)

stage two-less death,receding pandemics

stage of the epidemiology transition model that has better sanitation and medication

stage three-degenerative disease

stage of the epidemiology transition model that has diseases that gets worse over time, they show up in MDCs because of unhealthy life styles like eating too much junk food (ex cancer)

stage four-fighting degenerative disease

stage of the epidemiology transition model that has medicational advances that delay degenerative diseases and increase life expectancies (ex injecting insulin in ur body when u have diabetes)

stage five-reemergence of degenerative disease

stage of the epidemiology transition model that has diseases that have become resistant to antibiotics so diseases come back

thomas malthus

father of demography, first one to address the world overpopulation problem

population-food graph

the gap between population number and the number of food available, this graph claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than the earths food supply (exceeds carrying capacity)

j curve

the shape created by the line in the population-food graph

linear/arithmetic growth

agriculture increases in an uniform amount during equal time periods

exponential/geometric growth

population increases exponentially/are compounded on top of one another

malthusian catastrophe

the part in malthusian theory when the population eventually overtakes the means to produce food

reasons why malthusian theory was wrong

green evolution, technology, possiblism

ester boserup

the person who countered malthus, said that farmers can respond to consumption

buserup theory

the theory that countered malthusian theory, said that an increase in population will simply stimulate scientists to come up with ideas to increase food production (this was proven true with the green revolution)

s curve

the curve shown when the population doesn’t exceed the carrying capacity

neo malthusians

beleives that malthus was right about some things, they focus on the damage done to the environment bc of overpopulation specifically damage done by wealthy countries

malthusian theory

theory that says that the worlds supply of resources has a fixed and is not expanding so overpopulation will cause all the resources to be gone

criticisms of malthusian theory

the theory assumes that the supply of resources cannot adapt to the growing population/disregards the theory of possiblism

population policy

government policy that controls the growth/decline of birth rates by making laws that impact fertility rates

antinatal policies

government try’s to control population growth (restrictive policies) (ex legalize abortion/sterilization/contraception incentives to have less kids or raising the marriage age)

pronatal policies

government try’s to expand/encourage population growth (expansive policies)(ex banning abortion/sterilization/contraception incentives to have more kids or lowering the marriage age)

gendercide

deliberate killing of people (usually females) on account of gender by infantcide or selective abortion

eugenics

study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase occurrence of heritable traits that are regarded as desirable

chinas one child policy

this policy was made in 1982 and it was introduced to stop the overpopulation/starvation in a specific country through birth control/IUDs/abortions, it only allowed one child per family

india

the first country to develop antinatalist policies

eugenic policies

in order to create “super humans” policies were made to encourage some people to breed and others to be sterilized sometimes forcibly (ex nazi germany japan india)

migration

a change in residence that has some degree of permanence

mobility

ability to move from one place to another

net migration

difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

cyclic movement

a type of movement that has a closed route (ex home to school, school to home everyday)

periodic movement

a type of movement where someone moves for a longer period of time but not permanent (ex going to college for four years)

transhumance

moving livestock to pastures based on the seasons

international migration

movement across country borders that imply a degree of permanence

internal migration

movement within a single country that imply a degree of permanence

voluntary migration

human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunities (distance decay weighs into this because people tend to move closer to where they already are)

forced migration

human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate (ex atlantic slave trade or war)

economic factors

unemployment taxes goods/services

social factors

discrimination healthcare education public services religion

political factors

corruption within government lack of stability discrimination freedom policies made

environmental factors

amount of arable land water pollution disasters

refugee

person who is forced to leave their home to escape war/persecution/disasters

asylum seekers

someone seeking protection (not every [this term] is seen as a refugee but all refugees are seen as [this term])

internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who leaves their home bc of war/disasters/persecution but they stay within the country

transnational migration

someone moves to another country but stays connected to their home country

chain migration

people live in a certain country and they may call other family/friends to come to that country as well

step migration

migration happens in stages (ex farm to town to city)

intervening obstacles

negative situation/events that stops migrants from reaching their final destination

intervening opportunities

positive situation/events that stops migrants from reaching their final destination

intraregional migration

permanent move within the same region

interregional migration

permanent move from one region of a country to another

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people who practice another culture

quotas

limits the number of immigrants from each region into a country

selective immigration

countries use this to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering

brain drain

a large scale emigration of talented people

gravity model

model that is based upon the idea that if the importance of one/both location is higher there will be higher movement between them (connected to distance decay)

lees model of migration

model that shows the idea that intervening obstacles can block migration to places while push/pull factors promote migration

demographic transition model

model used to show population transition within countries