Lab 1 - Classification and Microscopy What is a cladogram? Can you read a basic cladogram based on the questions below? What is an outgroup? What is a node? What is an ancestral character? What is a derived character? What is a dichotomous key? How does it work? Can you interpret a basic dichotomous key? What does pathogenic mean? What does ubiquitous mean? What do Gram positive bacterial cells look like? What do Gram negative bacterial cells look like? What are the 3 basic shapes of bacterial cells? If given a photo of a compound light microscope, can you identify some of its major parts? How do you calculate final magnification on a microscope? Lab 2 - Survey of Protists How are living organisms classified? 3 domains of life 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya Taxa from most inclusive to least inclusive General characteristics of protists Life cycle(s) of a protist? What does "protozoa" mean? What are the protozoan phyla we discussed in lab? Protozoan species - what are the unique characteristics of each species? Euglena Amoeba Paramecium Plasmodium What are the steps to a wet mount procedure for a protist? What does the suffix -phyta mean? What are the 4 protist algal phyla? How can their names be used to help determine what they are? Green algae species - what are the unique characteristics of each species? Chlamydomonas Volvox Gonium Hydrodictyon Oedogonium Ulva If I showed you a picture of a pressed specimen of brown or red algae, would you be able to identify it as brown (Phaeophyta) or red (Rhodophyta) algae? If I showed you a picture of any organism we looked at in the protist lab, would you be able to correctly identify its genus name? I will not ask you the phylum name. Lab 3 - Survey of Fungi Difference between fungal and plant cell walls What are hyphae? What is a mycelium? How do fungi primarily reproduce? How would you describe the general life cycle of a fungus? Imperfect vs. perfect fungi Plasmogamy vs. karyogamy Features of Phylum Ascomycota - ascus, ascospores, life cycle What are conidia? Conidiophores? Examples of imperfect fungi Features of Phylum Basidiomycota - basidium, basidiospore, life cycle 3 types of lichens - can you identify if given a photo? Lab 4 - Survey of Nonvascular Plants What are the 3 phyla that represent non-vascular plants? If given a photo of a liverwort, would you be able to identify it? What are Gemma cups? Can you identify them in a photo? Which phylum can they be found within? If given a photo of a hornwort, would you be able to identify it? How would you describe the general life cycle of a plant? Lab 5 - Survey of Seedless Vascular Plants What is xylem? What is phloem? What are the 4 phyla that represent the seedless vascular plants? If given a photo of Equisetum, would you be able to identify it? What are the round yellow bumps on Psilotum (a whisk fern) called? What do they do? Where are sori found? Could you point them out in a photo? Lab 6 - Survey of Gymnosperms What is homospory? What is heterospory? What is the role of a hygroscopic elater? Can you identify microsporangia and megasporangia in a Selaginella microscope image? What is a gymnosperm? What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla we discussed? If given a photo of a gymnosperm we looked at in lab, would you be able to tell me the phylum name? What is a conifer? If given a photo of a dissected seed, could you identify its structures? Lab 7 - Survey of Angiosperms What is an angiosperm? How does it differ from a gymnosperm? What 2 structures are unique to angiosperms? What is a monocot? What does its leaf venation look like? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a cross section of a monocot? What is a eudicot? What does its leaf venation look like? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a cross section of a eudicot? Are you able to identify the different parts of a flower? What are the 4 whorls in a flower? What is a gynoecium? What is an androecium? What are the sterile components of a flower? What are the infertile components of a flower? What is an incomplete flower? Complete flower? What is a perfect flower? Imperfect flower? Can a flower be incomplete but still be perfect? Why or why not? Connation vs. adnation Flower symmetry types - can you determine symmetry if given a photo of any flower (radial, bilateral, or asymmetric)? Simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple fruits - what are they & examples Fleshy vs. dry fruits - what are they & examples Can you classify the following fruits? Pineapple Magnolia Strawberry ** Strawberries are weird ones! They are technically dry fruits, albeit some Google searches will tell you otherwise. The 'seeds' on the outside of the strawberry are the actual fruits (they're called achenes). They are dry. The other surrounding red, edible tissue is fleshy, but it originates from receptacle tissue, not the ovary (which is why strawberries are accessory fruits). Acorn Maple Tomato Orange Lemon Apple Cucumber Lab 8 - Vascular Plant Anatomy and Physiology What is auxin? What is apical dominance? How are auxin and apical dominance related? What is leaf abscission? How is this related to auxin? What occurs during pruning? Why is pruning beneficial? Can you identify a pruned vs. unpruned plant? Can you identify a Helianthus (sunflower) stem cross section image? Can you identify the epidermis, pith, cortex, vascular bundles, xylem, and phloem? Can you identify a Ligustrum (privet) leaf cross section image? Can you identify a Ranunculus (buttercup) root cross section image? What is a gibberellin and what do they do? How are gibberellins and dwarf mutant plants related? What is etiolation? What are some characteristics of etiolated plants? Non-etiolated plants? Can you identify an etiolated pea plant vs

Cladogram

A diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

Outgroup

A species or group that is not part of the group of interest, used to help determine the evolutionary relationships within a cladogram.

Node

A point on a cladogram where a branch splits, representing a common ancestor from which descendant species diverged.

Ancestral character

A trait that was present in the common ancestor of a group of organisms.

Derived character

A trait that evolved in a lineage after it diverged from its ancestor.

Dichotomous key

A tool used for identifying unknown organisms by answering a series of questions with two possible answers.

Pathogenic

Referring to organisms that can cause disease.

Ubiquitous

Present or found everywhere.

Gram positive bacteria

Bacterial cells that have a thick peptidoglycan layer and retain the crystal violet stain, appearing purple under a microscope.

Gram negative bacteria

Bacterial cells that have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane, appearing red or pink under a microscope after a Gram stain.

Basic shapes of bacterial cells

Coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral-shaped).

Final magnification

Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece lens.

Classification

The systematic categorization of living organisms based on shared characteristics.

3 Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

4 Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista.

Taxa

Groups into which organisms are classified, ranging from the most inclusive (domain) to the least inclusive (species).

General characteristics of protists

Eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, and can exhibit plant-like, animal-like, or fungal-like traits.

Protozoa

A diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms, often motile, that can be free-living or parasitic.

Protozoan phyla

The categories of protozoa, including Amoebozoa, Ciliata, and Apicomplexa.

Wet mount procedure steps

Involves placing a specimen in a drop of liquid on a slide, covering it with a coverslip, and observing under a microscope.

Suffix -phyta

Indicates a division or phylum in the plant kingdom.

4 algal phyla

Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Chrysophyta.

Characteristics of Euglena

Unicellular, green, photosynthetic flagellate that can also be heterotrophic.

Characteristics of Amoeba

Single-celled organism that uses pseudopodia for movement and feeding.

Characteristics of Paramecium

Ciliated, unicellular organism with a slipper-like shape.

Characteristics of Plasmodium

Genus of parasitic protozoa responsible for malaria.

Gemma cups

Structures found in liverworts that help in asexual reproduction.

Sori

Clusters of sporangia on the underside of fern fronds that produce spores.

Xylem

Tissue in vascular plants responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

Tissue in vascular plants responsible for transporting sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Homospory

The production of one type of spore that can develop into either male or female gametophytes.

Heterospory

The production of two distinct types of spores, male (microspores) and female (megaspores).

Gynoecium

The female part of a flower, consisting of one or more carpels.

Androecium

The male part of a flower, made up of the stamens.

Perfect flower

A flower that contains both male and female reproductive structures.

Imperfect flower

A flower that is either male or female, but not both.

Connation vs. adnation

Connation refers to fusion of similar parts within a flower, while adnation is the fusion of different floral whorls.

Types of flower symmetry

Radial symmetry (actinomorphic), bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic), and asymmetric.

Simple fruits

Fruits that develop from a single ovary; examples include cherries and peaches.

Aggregate fruits

Fruits that form from a single flower with multiple ovaries; examples include blackberries and raspberries.

Multiple fruits

Fruits formed from a cluster of flowers (inflorescence); example includes pineapples.

Fleshy fruits

Fruits that have a soft tissue at maturity; examples include tomatoes and oranges.

Dry fruits

Fruits that are hard or papery at maturity; examples include nuts and grains.

Gibberellin

A plant hormone that promotes stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering.

Etiolation

The process in which a plant grows in partial or complete absence of light, resulting in elongated stems and pale leaves.

Features of Ascomycota

Fungi characterized by the presence of asci which contain ascospores; they undergo a complex life cycle.

Conidia & Conidiophores

Asexual spores of fungi (conidia) produced on specialized stalks (conidiophores).