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Source Water
Water sourced for application
Source Water Applications
drinking
natural ecosystem (fish, plants, birds)
agriculture (irrigation)
Industry
Power Plants (e-)
recreation (boating, fishing)
Source Water Types
Natural (River)
Engineered (Reservoir)
Estimated World Water Quantities
96.5% non-drinkable oceans
0.3% drinkable surface water
30% Drinkable ground water
Factors that affect selection of source water
availability
a. quantity, V & Q
b. location (cost)
Quality (cost)
Development (cost)
Rights/law/regulations
a. Water Rights
Water Budget for Usable Source -River
Q(river)> Q(Town) , V(river) ac-ft > V(town) ac-ft
How to evaluate a river source water
collect data
water budget
determine total amount of water as a volume that flows during a period of time
determine total amount of water as a volume being used during that same time period
How to calculate reservoir as a source water?
evaluate each individual flow as a volume
sum each flow over the same time period
calculate change in storage with water budget
do a cumulative mass analysis (delta S)
usually need historical data over time
How to calculate reservoir change in storage volume
Surface area x change in height
How to calculate reservoir change in volume in
Q in x time
How to calculate reservoir change in volume out
Q out x time
How to calculate reservoir groundwater change
Q gw x t
How to calculate reservoir precipitation volume
total inches of precipitation x surface area
How to calculate reservoir evaporation volume
total inches of evaporation x surface area
What is a reservoir
place to store water
hydraulic structure
fills in wet conditions, withdraws water when needed to support community
can be used for recreational purposes
historically surface water but can be groundwater
What does change in storage actually mean
change in height of water of reservoir
What is a drought
dryness, how much rain we are not receiving
a duration
How to design a reservoir
if built into a river, confirm that river is a usable source water
set up reservoir
determine all of the flow data
do a reservoir water budget for each year
do a cumulative mass analysis (delta s over time)
plot data over time, positive chronological order
identify drought trends in data
start of drought is peak in data, next subsequent lowest peak is end of drought
Reservoir volume= volume start of drought - volume end of drought
if a drought is in data set there will be and has been a drought before
Where is groundwater stored?
Aquifers= water in the ground in such abundance that is an be used as a source water
porous material
How to find groundwater?
do a water budget
storage change measured not equal to calculated = ground water influence
drill well, need multiple wells to know extent of flow
How to calculate groundwater flow (confined and unconfined)
Darcy’s Law using hydraulic conductivity table, modeled as a reservoir
Kinds of aquifers
unconfined= water table not confined by rock on top but must be confined on bottom
confined=water table confined both top and bottom
How to verify GW is usable source?
Pump study
drill well
add a pump
pump the water out and observe how the GW responds
usually with a production well which has a large diameter
Velocimeter
Parameter found: V
Comments: expensive, need minimum velocity to operate
ADV
Parameter found: V
Comments: expensive, produced great data like sonar/radar, 3D data
Weir
Parameter found: Q
Comments: inexpensive, simple, limited to smaller channels, must occupy entire channel width
Orifice
Parameter found: Q
Comments: inexpensive, simple, limited to smaller channels
Sluice Gate
Parameter found: Q
Comments: OCF, specific energy, fluid mechanics fundamentals, must occupy entire channel width
Float Method
Parameter found: V
Comments: simple, good for slow moving waters
Parshall Flume
Parameter found: Q
Comments: simple measurement, works in dirty/turbid waters, need only the water depth, must occupy entire channel width
USGS Gauge Data
Parameter found: Q
Comments: field measurements, online database
What needs to be measured for velocity parameters
cross-sectional area, more complicated in natural unsymmetric areas
Accuracy in increasing order:
1 point method
2 point method
integration method (multiple depths/ points)
How does USGS collect data
Gage stations to measure water depth at a location
What makes water potable?
water safe to drink
aesthetically pleasing (no odor or color)
non-damaging/ corrosive
Parts of a potable water system
source
pump
drinking water treatment plant
storage
fire hydrants
series to loop
parallel pipes
What aspects of potable water system are conveyance?
source to drinking water treatment plant
What aspects of potable water system are distribution system?
anything after drinking water treatment plant
T/F potable water systems have multiple flows for the same system?
T
T/F all water systems have loss/leaks
T (10-15%)
How to determine how much water (Q) is needed?
Q directly related to population
Flows are normalized to gallons per capita day
flow study conducted to determine how much water used divided by population
Flow Factor average across USA
157 gpcd
How to measure Qave, yr
Flow factor x population
Trends for potable flow cycle
peaks in the summer (max daily flow), lowest in winter
related to human activity
What is required capacity
design flow/max daily in reference to flow rate
How to calculate Qdesign
Flow Factor (157 gpcd) x peak factor from Table 1.1
How to calculate design flow for potable water system given data
Find Design life/period of structure
Pick a design life year in the range
find the population at that time
Use Qdesign equation
What conveyance structure is usually used
pipe line
Why is OCF not ideal for conveyance
risk of contamination after water has been treated due to open channel
Where are pipelines are why
buried underground to prevent freezing and avoid taking up space/getting in the way
Operating Pressure values
Pmin= 20 psi
Pmax=125-350 psi
Ptarget=40-75 psi
What pipe materials are usually used
DIP (ductile iron pipe) or plastic
Pipe Sizing
4” - 20” in 2” increments
24”-48” in 6” increments
Pipe Velocity values
Vmax= 10 fps
avoid 0 fps bc of bacterial growth, add a loop at end of system
Vtarget= 2-5 fps
What must be accounted for in Qdesign for distribution pipes
Fire demand (QNFF)
How to design a potable pipeline
select a material
Use flow equation Q=VA
assume a flow rate in target range (2-5 fps)
Use given data on target flow rate (in cfs) set equal to chosen velocity x area of pipe equation (pi/4 D²)
Round answer to an actual pipe size
check velocity with that pipe diameter