LECTURE 8+9 - CONTROL OF CELLS VIA CELL MEMBRANES

where are receptors found? what happens after the ligand binds?

-location where the messenger/ligand binds

-binding of ligand produces

where does the ligand bind on plasma membrane receptors?

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where are intracellular receptors found?

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what is saturation? how can saturation be increased? decreased?

-saturation: percent of available binding sites that are bound to their ligand

• increased ligand concentration —→ increased saturation

• increased affinity —→ increased saturation

what are the two types of competitors? what effect does each have?

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what is down-regulation? when would down-regulation occur?

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what is up-regulation? when would up-regulation occur?

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what is a signal transduction pathway?

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what are lipid soluble messengers? where do they bind? what effect do they have on the cell?

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what are water soluble messengers? where do they bind?

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be able to identify types of water soluble messengers.

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where do first messengers bind? where are second messengers found?

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know the function of protein kinases.

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how do ligand gated ion channels function?

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how do receptors that activate/phosphorylate a docking protein function?

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how do janus kinase function?

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how do G-protein coupled receptors work?

• know the general structure of G-proteins. what does each subunit do?

• how is this signal transduction pathway inactivated?

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how is cAMP produced?

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what does cAMP do once activated in the cell?

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what is signal amplification? why is this important within the cell?

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what cellular responses are induced by cAMP?

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what activates phospholipase C? what does phospholipase C do in the cell?

• what are the effects of IP3?

• what are the effects of DAG?

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what is calmodulin? where is calmodulin found in the cell?

• what happens following the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin?

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what are the 3 ways the activity of signal transduction pathways can be ceased?

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