Social studies

Treaty of Paris (1783)

The agreement that recognized the U.S. as a free and independent nation and settled land disputes with Native American nations.

Continental Army

The main military force of the colonies during the American Revolution, initially prescribed to exclude African Americans.

Battle of Yorktown

The decisive battle in 1781 where the Continental Army and French troops surrounded British General Cornwallis, leading to a Continental victory.

Winter at Valley Forge

The harsh winter in 1777 where the Continental Army suffered from lack of supplies, leading to significant attrition.

Marquis de Lafayette

A wealthy French officer who volunteered for the Continental Army and played a crucial role in securing French support.

Baron von Steuben

A Prussian military officer hired by Congress to train the Continental Army at Valley Forge and improve their effectiveness.

Guerilla Warfare

A form of irregular warfare using surprise attacks and ambush tactics, exemplified by Southern Patriots.

Battle of Saratoga

A significant American victory in 1777 that was a turning point in the Revolutionary War, leading to French support.

Culper Spy Ring

An intelligence network formed during the American Revolution to gather information on British troop movements.

Nathan Hale

An American spy who was captured and executed by the British; remembered for his brave last words.

Hercules Mulligan

A tailor and spy for the Continental Army who provided critical intelligence to George Washington.

Battle of Bunker Hill

An early battle in the Revolutionary War where colonial militia inflicted heavy casualties on British forces before ultimately losing.

Continental Army's ban on African Americans

Initially, African Americans were banned from joining until desperation led to their recruitment for the Continental Army.

African Americans' role in the Revolution

Approximately 20,000 fought for the British Army in hope of freedom, while around 9,000 served in the Continental Army.