Lecture on Social Complexity and Political Evolution in Ancient Civilizations

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to social complexity, political evolution, and the role of religion and law in early societies.

What is the relationship between population density and social division in early societies?

Higher population density often leads to increased social division.

How did unified ideology evolve in early civilizations?

It originated from a combination of religion and warfare.

What was the primary service to the gods in early societies?

Service to the gods mostly involved agricultural tribute, which included crops and livestock.

Who were the Priest Kings?

They regulated the relationship between gods and people and facilitated sacrificial ceremonies.

What role did temples play in ancient societies?

Temples brought unity, acted as monumental architecture, and reinforced power structures.

What significant social structure emerges in early Sumerian societies by 3000 BCE?

A disparity in wealth and power, leading to aristocratic households.

What is a Lugal?

A leader or 'big man' within an aristocratic household, often involved in warfare and community leadership.

How did the power of rulers change over time?

Prestigious Lugals became advisors and began advising during peacetime, increasing their influence.

What was the role of priests and divine kings in society?

They created a divide of power, with priests handling temple affairs and kings dealing with civil matters.

How did the Akkadian Empire unify Sumerians?

By stopping skirmishes and protecting cities through a large army funded by taxes.

What led to the rise and fall of early empires like the Akkadian Empire?

Struggles arose from a lack of community support for imposed governors, leading to rebellion.

What are some features of the Code of Hammurabi?

It established the first imperial laws with an Eye-for-an-Eye principle, illustrating class differences in punishment.

What technologies and systems emerged from a surplus economy?

Advancements in technology, regional expansion, trade, military, and societal complexity.

How did early agricultural practices influence the development of complex societies?

The ability to produce agricultural surpluses led to specialization of labor, population growth, and the development of permanent settlements.

What was the primary function of early writing systems in complex societies?

Early writing systems, such as Cuneiform, were primarily used for administrative purposes, like record-keeping, managing resources, and codifying laws.

How did early rulers legitimize their power and authority?

Rulers often legitimized their power through claims of divine favor or direct lineage from gods, reinforcing their authority with religious rituals and monumental architecture.