A&P MOD1 (bulk)

Overview of a&p

Anatomy

Study of body STRUCTURE

Regional Anatomy

Interrelationship of structures in a specific body region

Systemic Anatomy

Structures that make up a discrete body system (ex: muscular system)

physiology

study of chemistry and physics of the body or the FUNCTION “What it does”

Homeostasis

balance of internal factors, despite external changes

sagittal plane

median

parasagittal plane

parallel to median

coronal

front and back divide

transverse

horizontal divide of top and bottom

“medial”

central or proximal

Lateral

side or distal

Ventral/Anterial

Front

Dorsal/Posterial

Back

Superior/cranial

Top

Inferior/Caudal

bottom

Superficial

closer to surface of body

Deep

further from surface of body

Axial

central axis containing head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular

peripheral appendages containing arms and legs

Dorsal Cavity

cranial and spinal cavity

Ventral Cavity

contains thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

houses brain

spinal/vertebral cavity

encloses spinal cord

thoracic cavity

enclosed in the rib cage, contains lungs and heart with the diaphragm as the floor

abdominopelvic cavity

largest cavity in the body, contains all digestive organs

pelvic cavity

contains contains reproductive organs

Right Upper Abdominal Quad.

most of liver is here

Left Upper Abdominal Quad.

most of stomach is here

Right Lower Abdominal Quad.

most of small intestine is here

Left Lower Abdominal Quad.

most of large intestine is here

Cutaneous Membrane

separates internal regions from external regions

Mucous membrane

lines internal passages exposed to external environment

Serous Membrane

covers internal organs and walls

Pleura membrane

serous that surrounds lungs

Pericardium

Serous that surrounds heart

Peritoneum

serous that surrounds organs in abdominopelvic cavity

meninges

serous that surrounds central nervous system

Describe the layers of Serous Membranes

visceral- closest to organ, parietal- farthest from organ, space between the two layers is filled with fluid

set point

the function value around which the “normal range” fluctuates

Normal Range

restricted set of values around set point that are considered optimal and stable

Negative Feedback and an example

Reverses a deviation from the set point (ex: Temperature and blood sugar regulation)

Steps in Negative Feedback loop

Stimulus - Sensor/receptor - (afferent pathway of communication) - Control Center - (efferent pathway of communication) - Effector

Positive Feedback and how it stops

intensifies deviation from set point *Requires an “off switch” to stop loop

Physiological Positive Feedback w/examples

“Good” Ex: Contractions in childbirth and Blood clotting

Pathological Positive Feedback w/ example

“Bad” Ex: high temperature that leads to fever

Prone

Face down

Supine

face up

Anatomical Position

body standing upright, feet forward and shoulder width apart, arms held out to side with palms facing forward

CT Scan

Computed Tomography- takes multiple xray slices

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI, Detects cancerous tissue due to differing radio signals, no radiation, more costly

P.E.T

Position Emission Tomography, uses radiopharmeceuticals to get active moving footage

Ultrasonography

most common, least invasive

Levels of organization of living things (smallest to largest)

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell (prokaryote and eukaryote), tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Lymphatic System structures involved and function

spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils. DEFENDS against pathogens

Respiratory System structures and function

larynx, trachea, lungs. DELIVERS oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from body.

Digestive System structures and function

esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. REMOVES waste from undigested food and process the food for usage.

Urinary System structures and function

kidneys, ureters, bladder. REMOVES waste from blood and excretes it. Also controls water balance.

Reproductive System male and female structures and functions

Male: prostate gland, testes. Produces sex hormones and gametes DELIVERS gametes to female

Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, and Uterus. PRODUCES sex hormones and gametes, and milk for infant. SUPPORTS embryo and fetus until birth.

Integumentary System structures and function

skin, hair and nails. PROTECTS, SENSES, THERMOREGULATION, VIT D SYNTHESIS

Skeletal System structures and function

Cartilage, bones and joints. MOVEMENT

Muscular System structure and function

Muscles. PRODUCE heat and MOVEMENT

Nervous system structures and function

brain, spinal cord, and nerves. COMMUNICATION through detecting senses

Endocrine System structures and function

Hormone producing Glands- thyroid, adrenal, and liver. Control SLOW COMMUNICATION

Cardiovascular system structures and function

heart, blood vessels. TRANSPORT oxygen and nutrients. Also equalizes body temperature.

How Many body systems are there? Name them.

11. Lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular

How many tissue types do humans have? Name them.

4. Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, Connective

Where do you find Epithelial tissue?

Lines organs and Outside of body

Types of morphology of epithelial tissue

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Types of layers of epithelial tissue

simple- singular layer or stratified- multiple layers

What types of Muscle tissue is there? What is its purpose?

All muscle tissue is responsible for motion. Skeletal- arms, and legs

Smooth- intestines

Cardiac- heart

Nervous Tissue and it’s purpose

Dendrites and axons. Responsible for communication.

Connective Tissue types

loose and dense. “Everything else” the other tissues don’t cover- Cartilage, blood, bone, fat, etc.