Unit Two : Source Criticism

Source Criticism

The essential process of evaluating historical sources (primary & secondary) for their authenticity (external criticism) and credibility (internal criticism) to ensure accurate understanding of the past.

Method

Process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing the records and survivals of the past

Historiography

Refers to the process of reconstructing historical data that have already been tested by the method.

Test of Authenticity

Process of determining whether a historical source is genuine and original. It checks if the source is not fake, altered, or planted

How historians test for authenticity (1)

There is the issue of origin; can the document be traced back to the office or person who is supposed to have produced it, or could it have been planted?

How historians test for authenticity (2)

Given the periodization, do the details made in the document or the

sentiments uttered seem at all likely during the period?

How historians test for authenticity (3)

The form of the document may show vital clues. This includes the style of writing and even the language used in the document, you may also consider the paper that has been used for the document.

Test of Credibility

Process of checking if a source is reliable after proving it authentic

How historians test for credibility (1)

We need to ask whether the author was in a position to give a faithful account/report.

How historians test for credibility (2)

Was the author present during the period/event?

How historians test for credibility (3)

Was the author in the right state of mind?

How historians test for credibility (4)

Is the story a gossip or the author just really had a sharp memory of

remembering the details?

How historians test for credibility (5)

What most affects the reliability of a source, however, is the intention and prejudices/bias of the writer.