OB exam 1 vocab

Ovum

egg; female reproductive cell

Sperm or spermatozoa

mature cells of the male animal

Zygote

fertilized egg cell

Embryo

2 - 8 weeks gestation

Fetus

child in utero from 7th to 9th week until birth

Conceptus

product of conception through all stages to birth

Meiosis

cell division that occurs in maturation of sperm & ova

Mitosis

cell division where both daughter cells have the same number chromosomes

Conception

union of male sperm & female ova; fertilization

Oogenesis

process by which sperm are produced

Spermatogenesis

the process by which sperm are produced

Zona pellucia

transparent inner layer surrounding ovum

Corona radiate

ring of elongated cells surrounding zona pellucia

Fertilization

conception

Capacitation

removal of plasma for penetration of ovum

Acrosomal (zona) reaction

allows one sperm to enter ova

Cortical reaction

cellular change release of cortical granules, organelles

Implantation or nidation

implantation of fertilized ovum in endometrium

Dizygotic twins

Fraternal - two different ova

Monozygotic twins

Identical - twin from single fertilized ovum

Teratogen

Non-genetic that can produce malformation of the fetus

Cephalocaudal

in a direction from head to tail

List the sequence of events that occur during implantation of the fertilized ovum.

The trophoblast attaches to the endometrium for nourishment, Blastocyst migrates into the uterine lining, Lining of the uterus thickens, Decidua develops capularis, basalis, & vera to become placenta

Embryonic membranes

1) begin to form at implantation, 2)protect & support the embryo, 3) amnion & chorion

Yolk sac

1) small, functions only in the early embryonic life, 2)works for the first 6 weeks & then is incorporated into the umbilical cord

Umbilical cord

1) develops from the body stalk, 2) contains 2 arteries, 1 vein, and Wharton's jelly

Ectoderm

epidermis, CNS, nails, peripheral nervous system, pituitary Gland

Mesoderm

dermis, spleen, muscles, circulatory system, pleura

Endoderm

respiratory tract, epithelium, lining of digestive tract, urethra, urinary bladder, primary tissue of liver and pancreas

2-3 weeks

beginning circulation

4 weeks

heart beat visualized by US

5 weeks

atrial division

6 weeks

can see chambers

7 weeks

FHR detected by US

18 weeks

FHT audible by fetoscope

Dizygotic

increase with maternal, parity arise from 2 ova, 2 placentas, amnion & chorion

Monozygotic

single fertilized ovum, 1 common placenta, the number of chorions and amnions depend on day of division

Foramen Ovale

Special opening between the atria of the fetal heart. Closes shortly after birth.

Ductus arteriosis

A communication channel between the main pulmonary artery and aorta of fetus. Obliterated after birth.

Ductus venosis

A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver

Presumptive Signs

Amenorrhea, N & V, Excessive fatigue, Breast changes, Quickening

Probable Signs

Changes in pelvic organs, Hegar's sign, Chadwicks sign, McDonald's sign, Enlargement of the abdomen, Braxton Hicks, Uterine soufflé, Pregnancy test

positive signs

Fetal heartbeat, Fetal movement palpated by a clinician, Visualization of the fetus by ultrasound

Primigravida

is a woman who is pregnant for the first time

nullipara

a woman who has never completed a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks of gestation

uterine souffle

sound of blood flow through the uterine vessels; corresponds to the maternal pulse

braxton hicks contraction

irregular, ussualy mild uterine contractions that occur throughout pregnancy and become stonger in the last trimester. may be confused with true or false labor

ferning

microscopic appearance of amniotic fluid that resembles fern leaves when the fluid dries on a microscope slide

True anemia

is diagnosed in a pregnant woman when the hemoglobin value falls to 10.5 g/dl

A woman

is at greater risk of thrombophlebitis during pregnancy

A multigravida

is a woman who has been pregnant more than once

Good maternal nutrition

is considered to be one of the most important preventative measures against low birth weight babies.

Reviewing a pregnant woman's daily nutrition diary

is the best way to determine if she is getting an adequate number of calories to support pregnancy.

Neural tube defects

appear to be more common in the fetus of pregnant women whose diet is low in folic acid .

It is recommended that expectant couples develop

a birth plan and attend childbirth education classes.

Fundal height

measurement is used as an indicator of fetal growth and duration of pregnant

Inaccurate technique

may cause false negatives in over the counter pregnancy tests

quickening

the first movements of the fetus felt by the mother

Hegar's Sign

Uterine isthmus soft and impressible

Colostrum

Thick, creamy fluid expressed from breasts

Braxton Hicks

Painless, irregular contractions of the uterus

Quickening

Perception of "life" noted as a fluttering sign in the abdomen

Mucus plug

Plug of thick mucus fills endocervical canal

Amenorrhea

Menstruation has ceased

Goodell's sign

Softened cervical tip

Chadwick's

Cervix and vagina are bluish color sign

Leukorrhea

Thick, white vaginal discharge with faint, musty odor

Ballotement

Fetal head rebounds with gentle, upward tapping through the vagina

Lordosis

Increased lumbrosacral curve

Lightening

Fundal height has decreased with fetal head engaged in pelvic inlet

Hemorrhoids

Varicosities around the anus

Vertex

head ; most common; head flexed on chest

Military

head; neither flexed or extended

Brow

head; partially extended

Face

head; hyperextended

Complete breech

buttocks; fetal knees & hips are flexed

Frank breech

buttocks; hips flexed; knees extended

Footling breech

feet first; single or double

Discuss possible causes of labor

Progesterone withdrawal; Prostaglandin hypothesis; Corticotrophin releasing hormone hypothesis

List premonitory signs of labor

Lightening, Braxton-Hicks, cervical changes, bloody show, ROM (rupture of membranes), sudden burst of energy

Descent

head enters the inlet

Flexion

chin flexes to chest

Internal rotation

head rotates to fit the widest diameter of the pelvis

Extension

fetal head extends

Restitution

head turns to one side

External rotation

head turned further to one side

Expulsion

delivery of the body

Contractions regular and progressive

true labor

Cervix soft and posterior

false labor

Cervix soft, 25%, 2 cm, mid position

true labor

Lightening present in multiparous woman

true labor

Discomfort present in abdomen above umbilicus

false labor

Contraction intensity increases with activity and ambulation.

true labor

Presenting part is at -2 station

false labor

Bloody show is present

true labor

Discomfort radiates from lower back to lower quadrant of the abdomen

true labor

Contractions continue even after a shower and a backrub.

true labor

smooth/fixed baseline

Absence of normal irregularity in the cardiac rhythm of the FHR

Early deceleration

FHR decreases shortly at onset of a contraction as a response to fetal head compression

Long-term variability

Irregularity or unevenness from one fetal heart beat to the next