EDUQAS GCSE MUSIC

In what years was the Baroque era?

1600-1750

Name 3 composers of the Baroque era

Bach, Handel and Vivaldi

Name 3 types of the music in the Baroque era

Concerto Grosso, Suite, Trio Sonata

Name 3 features of music in the Baroque era

Use of ornaments and terraced dynamics, energetic and relentless rhythmic movement and use of the harpsichord/organ, basso continuo and figured bass

In what years was the Classical era?

1750-1810

Name 3 composers of the Classical era

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Name 3 types of music in the Classical era

Symphony, Solo concerto and string quartet

Name 3 features of music in the Classical era

Melodies less complex with clear-cut balanced and regular phrases, Alberti bass, texture mainly homophonic

In what years was the Romantic era?

1810-1910

Name 3 composers of the Romantic era

Schubert, Chopin and Tchaikovsky

Name 3 types of music in the Romantic era

Opera, Chamber music and concert overture

Name 3 features of music in the Romantic era

Melodies were lyrical, more expressive, rich harmonies and chromaticism

Counterpoint

When two or more melodies are heard in combination

Leitmotif

A musical idea associated with a character, object, feeling or thought

Tonic

The first degree of any scale and the chord that is built on the first degree

Binary form

AB

Ternary form

ABA

Minuet and trio

ABABAB

Dominant

The fifth degree of any scale and the chord that us built on the fifth degree

Rondo form

ABACA

Variation form

Theme, Variation 1,2,3

Ballad

In the 16th century, this was a song for solo voice

Chorale

A hymn tune originating from the German Protestant Church

Song cycle

A set of songs that have been composed about a common theme

Strophic form

AAA

Melodic minor

Type of minor scale that raises the 6th and 7th degrees of the scale when descending

Harmonic minor

Type of minor scale, using all the notes from the minor key, except for the 7th

Interval

The distance between any two, including the notes that form the interval

Reptition

The exact repeat of a musical idea

Contrast

A change in the musical content

Anacrusis

A note (or notes) before the first strong beat

Imitation

When a musical idea is copied in another part

Sequence

The repetition of a motif in the same part but at a different pitch

Ostinato

A musical pattern repeated many times, also known as a riff in modern music

Syncopation

'Off-beat' (accented notes on the weak beats)

Dotted rhythms

A dot placed after a note increases its value by half again, giving a kind of 'jagged' effect to the thythm

Drone

A repeated note or notes held throughout a passage of music

Pedal

A held or repeated note against which changing harmonies are heard

Canon

A compositional device in which a melody is repeated exactly in another part while the initial melody is still being played

Conjunct movement

When the melody moves mainly by step

Disjunct movement

When the melody leaps from one note to another

Broken chord/arpeggio

A chord played as separate notes, when the notes of a chord are played are played in succession either up or down

Alberti bass

A type of broken-chord accompaniment

Regular phrasing

The balanced parts of a melody

Motifs

A short melodic or rhythmic idea that has a distinctive character

Chord progression

A series of chords related to each other in a particular key

Modulation

The process of changing key

Who composed the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

What timbre is the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

String quartet

What tempo is the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

Allegretto

What key is the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

Minuet: G major Trio: D major

What's the texture is the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

Homophonic: melody plus accompaniment

What's the harmony of the Eine Kleine Nachtmusik?

Diatonic

Minuet structure

Binary form

Trio structure

Binary form

Perfect cadence

V I

Plagal cadence

IV I

Imperfect cadence

Chord ending on V

Interrupted cadence

V vi

Subdominant

The fourth degree of any scale and the chord that is built on the fourth degree

Monophonic texture

A single melodic line for an instrumental or vocal soloist, with no accompaniment

Homophonic texture

One main melody is heard with a harmonic accompaniment of chords

Polyphonic texture

A number of melodic lines heard independently of each other

Sotto voce

Under the voice (hushed)

Unison

When two or more musical parts sound the same pitches at the same time (could be an octave apart)

Chordal

A description of the type of texture where the parts move together producing a series or progression of chords

Layered

When more parts are added together on top of each other, to add more fullness to the sound and produce a richer texture

Melody and accompaniment

When the tune is the main focus of interest and importance, and it's accompanied by another part (or parts) which supports the tune

Countermelody

When a new melody is heard at the same time as a previous melody

Basso continuo

Meaning 'continuous bass'. One of the key features in the Baroque and classical era. Used to accompany solo instruments and singers as well as groups

Instruments involved in a Baroque ensemble

Cello, bassoon, bass gamba and harpsichord

Baroque sonata

A piece of music to be played rather sung. Applied to small instrumental groups

Trio sonata

Three lines of music

Sonata form

A musical structure developed in the Classical era, frequently used for the first movement in a larger work such as a symphony

Andante

A tempo meaning 'walking pace'

Cut common time

A time signature of 2/2 (aka alla breve)

Sforzando

Indicated by sfz, a sudden, forced accent on a note or chord

Collo voce

When the accompaniment has to follow the vocal part, without strictly sticking to the tempo

Recitative

A type of vocal style that imitates the rhythms and accents of the spoken language (aka speech-song)

Pentatonic

A scale consisting of five notes

Improvisation

When music is created as it is being performed

Riff

Short motif or pattern that's repeated in the music

What's the drummers job in a jazz ensemble?

Maintains a steady beat, adds excitement to the performance, lay down a 'groove', supports improvisations and adds fills between phrases

What's the bass players job in a jazz ensemble?

Lays down 'groove', establishes beat, plays root note of the chords and supports harmonies

What's the keyboard player/guitarists job in a jazz ensemble?

Plays chords interestingly and accompanies tune

Standard

A really popular jazz song

Head

Main theme or riff in jazz

Chorus

Chord changes and progression in a piece of music in jazz

Chord extensions

When extra notes are added to the basic triad to achieve a different sound and complexity

Break

A short monophonic solo linking phrases improvised in jazz

Stop chords

Heard when the rhythm section is not playing

Walking bass

A style of bass movement in the accompaniment that maintains a steady rhythm

Kicks

Musical motifs or figures which are played loudly and reinforced by the drums in jazz

Licks

A short series of notes that fit into the chord changes. They can be found anywhere in a jazz piece

Turnaround

A short passage of chords found at the end of a section, which helps bring the music back to the tonic key in jazz

Front line

Refers to the instruments that play the theme in jazz (trumpets, saxes and trombones)

Tutti

Everyone

Shout chorus

The name given to a final chorus, played loudly, by all the front-line instruments in jazz

Name three of John Williams' movies he's scored for

E.T, Star Wars and Harry Potter

Diegetic music

Music in film contained within the action, that the characters can hear (e.g. music concert)