Overview of Mood Disorders and Depressive Episodes #1, Paraphilic Disorders and Gender Dysphoria Overview, Sexual Dysfunctions, Overview of Sleep-Wake Disorders and Treatments #5, Overview of Eating Disorders and Their Characteristics #4, Mood Disord…

Mood Disorder

episodes of mani and depression

Depressive Episode

Severe depression lasting at least 2 weeks.

Symptoms of Depressive Episode

Depressed mood, weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, agitation or retardation

Anhedonia

Loss of joy and pleasure in activities.

Cognitive Symptoms of DD

Negative self-perception and concentration difficulties.

Motivational Symptoms of DD

Lack of initiative and trouble waking up.

Physical Symptoms of DD

Changes in appetite, sleep, and energy levels.

Mania

Abnormally elevated mood with hyperactivity

Duration of Mania

Untreated can last 3-4 months, needs to happen everyday for 1 week to be diagnosed

Hypomanic Episode

Less severe mania lasting at least 4 days.

Mixed Features

Depressive episodes with some manic symptoms.

Unipolar Mood Disorder

Experiences only one extreme of mood.

Bipolar Mood Disorder

Experiences both depressive and elevated moods.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

1+ major depressive episode with remission, never experienced a manic or hypomanic episode

Psychotic Features of DD

Hallucinations and delusions

Anxious Distress

Depression with significant anxiety symptoms.

Melancholic Features

Severe symptoms like hopelessness and lack of reactivity.

Catatonic Features

Rare muscular symptoms like stupor and immobility.

Atypical Features

Less common symptoms present in depression.

Peripartum Onset

Depression occurring around childbirth.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Circadian rhythm misalignment causing seasonal depression.

Dysfunctional Reward Processing

Impaired response to positive stimuli in depression.

Paraphilic Disorder

Misplaced sexual attraction to inappropriate targets.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Arousal from touching nonconsenting individuals.

Fetishistic Disorder

Arousal from nonliving objects or specific body parts.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Arousal from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Arousal from exposing genitals to unsuspecting individuals.

Transvestic Disorder

Arousal from cross-dressing behaviors.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Arousal from inflicting suffering on others.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Arousal from being humiliated or made to suffer.

Pedophilic Disorder

Attraction to prepubescent children, typically under 13.

Covert Sensitization

Imagining negative outcomes to discourage deviant behavior.

Orgasmic Reconditioning

Masturbation to appropriate stimuli to redirect arousal.

Cyproterone Acetate

Medication used for chemical castration effects.

Depo-Provera

Medication that reduces testosterone levels.

Gender Dysphoria

Distress from incongruence between experienced and assigned gender.

Gender Identity

Personal sense of being male, female, or nonbinary.

Pubertal Suppression

Medical treatment to delay puberty in gender dysphoria.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Treatment involving hormones to align physical traits with gender identity.

Gender Affirming Surgery

Surgical procedures to align physical body with gender identity.

Disorders of Sexual Development

Conditions with ambiguous genitalia and hormonal differences.

Sexuality

Deeply personal and unique human experiences influenced by what is considered normal or appropriate.

Sexual Norms

Powerful influence over society, attitudes, behaviors; can be damaging to feelings of shame, guilt, and isolation.

Sexual Dysfunction

Involves desire, arousal, orgasm, or pain; must be present for 6+ months to make a diagnosis; must lead to impairment or distress.

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Little or no interest in any type of sexual activity; persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity

Female Sexual Interest/Desire Disorder

Women experience either a lack of, or greatly reduced level of, sexual interest, drive, or arousal.

Erectile Disorder

Difficulty maintaining or achieving an erection

Premature Ejaculation

Persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered sexual activity within approximately 1 minute following penetration and before the person wishes.

Delayed Ejaculation

marked delay in ejaculation, marked infrequency or absence of ejaculation.

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Marked delay, absent, or decreased intensity of orgasm in almost all sexual encounters.

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

the consistent genital pain , fear and anxiety, or tensing of pelvic floor associated with sexual intercourse

Lifelong Specifier

Present since individual became sexually active.

Acquired Specifier

Began after a period of relatively normal sexual function.

Generalized Specifier

Not limited to certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners.

Situational Specifier

Only occurs with certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners.

Mild Specifier

Evidence of mild distress over symptoms.

Moderate Specifier

Evidence of moderate distress over symptoms.

Severe Specifier

Evidence of severe or extreme distress over symptoms.

penile strain gauge

a device used to measure penile engorgement

vaginal photoplethysmograph

measures increased vaginal blood volume

Biological Factors in Sexual Dysfunction

diabetes, kidney disease , chronic illness, prescription medications , alcohol and nicotine.

Psychological Factors in Sexual Dysfunction

anxiety, negative thoughts about sexual encounters, avoidance of awareness of sexual cues

erotophobia

learned negative attitudes about sexuality

script theory

we all operate by following "scripts" that reflect social and cultural expectations & guide behavior

Masters and Johnson's psychosocial intervention

- Education, Eliminate performance anxiety, Sensate focus, Non-demand pleasuring

Premature ejaculation treatment

squeeze technique

Vaginismus treatment

use of dilators

Medical Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction

Include Viagra and similar medications, injection of vasodilating drugs into the penis, testosterone, penile prosthesis or implants, vascular surgery, and vacuum device therapy.

Sleep Deprivation

any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems with immune function and daily performance.

Dyssomnias

Disruptions in sleep amount, quality, or timing.

Parasomnias

Abnormal behaviors during sleep or waking.

Insomnia

Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.

Microsleeps

Brief sleep episodes during wakefulness.

Insomnia Criteria

Sleep issues occur 3 nights/week for 3 months.

Hypersomnolence Disorder

Excessive sleepiness or prolonged sleep episodes.

Hypersomnolence criteria

Self-reported excessive sleepiness despite sleep lasting 7+ hours, occurs 3 times per week for 3 months

Narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks

Cataplexy

Sudden loss of muscle tone during wakefulness.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Airflow stops while respiratory system functions.

Central Sleep Apnea

Respiratory system stops briefly during sleep.

Sleep-Related Hypoventilation

Decreased breathing during sleep

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

Disruptions in biological clock affecting sleep patterns.

Shift Work Type

Irregular hours disrupt normal sleep-wake rhythms.

Familial Type

Family history of disrupted sleep rhythms.

Delayed Sleep Phase Type

Biological clock set later than usual.

Advanced Sleep Phase Type

Biological clock set earlier than usual.

Phase Delays

Moving bedtime later to adjust sleep schedule.

Phase Advances

Moving bedtime earlier, more challenging adjustment.

Sleep Terrors

Panic-like symptoms during non-REM sleep, no memory.

Sleepwalking

Walking during sleep, common in children.

Nightmares

Disturbing dreams causing awakening.

Binge Eating

Rapid, distressing consumption of large food amounts.

Objective Binge Episodes

3x typical portion; exceeds 2000 calories.

Subjective Binge Episodes

Loss of control over normal or small food amounts.

Binge Episode Characteristics

Occurs alone; may include high-calorie or healthy foods.

Triggers for Binge Eating

Emotions, tempting food, body image dissatisfaction.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by compensatory actions.

Compensatory Behaviors

purging, excessive exercise, fasting

Associated Features of Bulimia

Dental erosion, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure.

Anorexia Nervosa

Food refusal leading to dangerously low body weight.